
Class, Tff S3^3 



/ 



A BRIEF 



GRAMMAR 

OF THE 

MODERN ARMENIAN LANGUAGE 

a6 SPOKEN 
IN CONSTANTINOPLE AND ASIA MINOR. 



SMYRJNA 

PRINTED BY W. GRIFP1TT. 

1847. 



<?3fc£ 






01 



O oh 



'1 



>s 







7 



PREFACE. 



The strongly marked individuality of the Armenian language 
justifies its claim to a very high antiquity. Its literature how- 
ever commences with the introduction of Christianity. The 
Alphabet still in use is ascribed to St. Mesrob, who lived in the 
fifth century, and who was one of the translators of the Scriptures. 
He is said also to have conferred the boon of alphabetic writing 
upon several of the neighboring nations. The original alphabet 
consisted of thirty six letters, o and .$ having been added during 
the twelfth century, the former as a substitute for the diphthong m*. 
in words where it ha,d acquired the sound of o , and the latter 
to replace <f> which Jiad come to be ^pronounced universally like p* 

It is difficult , to trace the history of the modern language. E_ 
vi^ence of the existence of some of its distinctive forms is found 
as &r back as the thirteenth century. Their introduction was 
no doubt gradual. Still the Ancient Armenian continued to be 
the only language of books, for ages after the spoken tongue had 
become subtantially what it is at the present day. It is only du- 
ring the present century that the modern language has begun to 
be cultivated as a language of books, the genius of the age and 
the best interests of humanity requiring that authors should no 
longer, as formerly, veil their ideas in a dialect accessible only to 
the few, but should spread them far and wide in the free and idio- 
matic use of the languages vernacular to their countrymen. 

Facilities for the acquisition of the Ancient Armenian exist 
both in English and in other European tongues, and an abundance 
of excellent Grammars and Lexicons await the scholar, who is 
prepared to avail himself of them, in the language itself. But, so 
far as I am aware, the present is the first attempt to exhi- 
bit the grammar of the Modern Armenian.* The Armenians 

*It was preceded by a pamphlet of twelve pages, entitled 
NOTES ON MODERN ARMENIAN, of which the present 
brief Grammar may be considered as an enlarged edition* 



4 PREFACE. 

themselves have, as yet, published no grammar of their spoker* 
language. This fact will no doubt be deemed a sufficient apology 
for any defects which may be discovered in the present work^ 

My principal object has been to exhibit the language of 
conversation. Hence the remarks on pronunciation, pp» 7, 54, 
on the reduplication of adjectives, p. 17, on particles appended to 
verbs, p. 46, &c The 6tyle of books varies considerably, some 
approximating more and others less to the ancient language. It 
would be presumptuous to attempt to say what, after a few years 
of progress, will be the style of good writers. 

It will be observed that the dialect here treated is the Western, 
viz. that spoken in Constantinople and Asia Minor. The Orien- 
tal dialect, spoken in Tartary, Persia and India, varies considerably 
from this, and in some respects approximates more nearly to the 
ancient language. A specimen of it will be given in the Ap. 
pendix. 

The student of Modern Armenian will very often meet 
in conversation, and sometimes even in books, with words and 
forms derived from the Turkish. Although the use of such words 
and forms is avoided by good writers, still a knowledge of them is 
essential to a familiar acquaintance with the spoken Armenian* 
Where it has been thought proper to notice them in the present 
work, they are distinguished by an asterisk prefixed. 

In general, where two synonimous forms are given, the one 
more approved in modern usage is placed first. 

E. BIGGS. 
Smyrna, May 1. 1847. 



PART i 







ALPHABET. 




The 


Armenian 


alphabet consists of 38 letters, viz. 


Capitals. 


Arm. text. 


Italics. 


Names. 


Pronunciation. 


V. 


w 


~ 


aip 


a as in far 


1* 


P P 

t * 

h 


V 


pen 
kim 
tah 
yetch 


P 
k 
t 
ye as in yet, y 


o 

1- 


k 




zah 
a 


z 

a as in fate 


1 • 

I', 


E e- 


ti « 


yet 


u as in us 


ki- 
th 


P P 




to 
zhay 


t 

s as in pleasure 


V 
1, 

1" 


b b 

L L 
b* b* 




inny 
lune 
khay 
dzah 


e as in me 

1 

kh guttural 

dz 


ll 

• 


k k 


u 

J 


ghen 

ho 

tsah 


g hard 

h 

ts 


0fc 

1, 


*L *- 


•Lt 


ghad 


gh guttural 


A' 


* 


2T 


jay 


J 


ir 


S 


/ 


men 


m 


n 


jj 


J 3 


he 


h or y 


*If 


-b 


It 


noo 


n 


c. 


2_ 2- 


2_t 


shah 


sh 


ii 


n 


tt 


vo 


vo or o 



PRONUNCIATION. 



12 


^ *. 


2- *■ 


chah 


ch as in church 


<i| 


*V 


"t 


bay 


b 


« % 


£ *L 


L 2. 


chay 


ch as in church 


n> 


«. 


- 


rrah 


r Scotch 


H 


t» 


- 


say 


s 


•I. 


/ £ 


i.*- 


vev 


V 


X 


£/? 


H* 


dune 


d 


V 


r «■ 


r e 


ray 


r 


i » 


v. s 


3 » 


tzo 


tz 


h 


L- 


- 


hune 


11 or v 


<i> 


,/, 4, 


* 4 


pure 


P 


i>> 


^^ 


y 


kay 


k 


() 


O 


•0 








*S> 


^ 


* 


fay 


f 



L is a contraction for L<~ ; beside which the following' 
combinations of letters occur. 

f and ii ^1 *F and /« ^ 

iT and £ Jlr J % and £ 4 

«/'and k & *r and 1* tli 

>r and ^ tfy £ and ?/ ^ 

The small letters at the right hand of the -second and 
third columns are written after those which' terminate 
in a horizontal stroke at the bottom : as ? , «^» , t[a . &c- 

PRONUNCIATION, 

"b , when it begins a word and is followed by a 
consonant, is pronounced generally like ye in yet, as £«/" 
yem / am ; elsewhere followed by a consonant it is 
like e in fell, as Jhl-^ menk wc ; followed by a . vowel 



8 ORTHOGRAPHY. 

it is simply y, as hopp yotuh seven, fylruikp gyank 
kfe. 

\u and ^ are deep gutturals, and] the pronunciation 
of them must be acquired through the ear. 

{} is h in the beginning of words, as (\[,uni.u Hesoos 
Jesus ; elsewhere it is y, as wjn ayo yes ; but at the 
end of words it is frequently silent, as £*«/ gah there is. 
l\ is vo at the beginning of words, as np vor that, 
except when followed by ^ as #»£ ov who ; elsewhere 
it is o, as uihnb^ anonk they — The combination m. is 
oo, but becomes v* before a vowel ; «/ in the middle of 
a word is ooy as in fyu Jooys light, jnju hooys hope ; 
at the end of a word it is simply o. 

]\ L is eev before a vowel or at the end of a word ; else- 
where it is u in unit, or u French. In any other com- 
bination, *- is v. 

The remaining letters are uniform in their pronun- 
ciation, and need no remark- 
When two or more consonants come together with- 
out a vowel they are frequently pronounced as if 
written with ^; e. g. U^/»»fo_ Baptist is pronounced 
*££/»/»<«&_• In the case of words commencing with one 
of the sibilants u , ^ , or^ and another consonant, this 
euphonic /» is generally pronounced as if written before 
the sibilant, as «^^f £& from the beginning, ^oou/^ o> 
musement, ^mfrJatpu/b magazine, pronounced as if written 
ftulffitjp.h'u, pjjjiouufbji and fr^nbiTuipuib^ This however is 
not always the fact, and, in general, the place of this 
euphonic £ must be learned by practice. 

* Soft like the German w- 



PUNCTUATION. 9 

ACCENT. 

Armenian words, whether primitive or derivative, 
are usually accented on the last syllable. 

Exc I. | k at the end of words not derived from the 
Turkish cannot receive the accent. Words or forms 
terminating in this vowel, therefore, accent the penul- 
timate ; asi/uiig. to-morrow, Jlupq.^ the man* 

Exc. % Vocatives accent their first syllable ; as 
\] Uiprj-uiaibm Preacher ! Q\tupn% Sir ! 

Exc. 3. A few individual words, not coming under 
either of the above exceptions, accent the penultimate 
as ty'iTu* now, tujumku thus. 

PUNCTUATION. 

The pauses used in Armenian are three, viz. 

Comma ( , ) 
Colon (♦) 
Period ( : ) 

The note of interrogation ( p ) is placed over the ac- 
cented vowel of the principal word in the question. 
Accordingly in the question Will you come to-morrow ? 
the interrogation point may be placed over any one of 
the words of which it is composed in Armenian ; thus, 
tf |vii_Tr faqa Itnutfui^u , signifies will you come tomorrow *? 
*\*,t.% t[iu\g. ^uL^utu, will you come tomorrow ? '|v/lfc ifm^ 
fyncif-ujU) icill you come to-morrow 9 

The exclamation point (') in like manner, is placed 
over the accented syllable of interjections, or of other 
words used as exclamations, or uttered with emotion, 
as t[iuj too ! Tspnt-vujq^iT Jerusalem ! 

Sentences^ which contain a mark of interrogation or 



10 ETYMOLOGY. 

exclamation, have still their appropriate pauses at the 
close, in the same way as other sentences. 

The hyphen (_ ) is never employed to unite words, 
as in the English compounds to-day, kettle-drum, &c Its 
only place is at the end of a line, where a word is in- 
complete. 

The acute accent ( ' ), though it is placed upon the 
tone-syllable of words, has for its object to mark rather 
emphasis than accent Hence monosyllables receive it 
as well as polysyllables; e. g. Jfi' b^pa^, do not go, ph' 
<^nu ph' <^ai* , whether here or there. 

The grave accent ( x ") indicates a brief suspension of 
the voice. It is placed after words, never over them, 
and is in effect a pause shorter than a comma 

This mark ( *~ ) indicates an abbreviation ; as T> for 
\\ U mai.uib- ; or signifies that the letters over which it is 
placed are used as figures ; e. g ^ I, /* 2, &c. 

When the first part of a word is written and the 
last part omitted, the omission is indicated by a 
double accent ; thus, {>«*/£" for (J^^u^. 



PART II. 
ETYMOLOGY. 

ARTICLE. 

The word in Modern Armenian which most nearly 
corresponds to our Indefinite Article is <^» , a cor- 
ruption of the Ancient Armenian J/> one. It uniformly 
follows the noun to which it belongs; as tfiupij. J[> a man, 
(,,ui, tip a thing. The Numeral Adjective Jll { one is used 
In the same sense, preceding the noun. Sometimes 
both are employed ; as i/lfy tfut'rfJii, <//£ pwb «^, without 
any addition to the signification. 



NOUNS. 11 



The place of a Definite Article is supplied by the 
Definite Form of nouns, corresponding to what is called 
the Emphatic State in Chaldee and Syriac. 



NOUNS. 

GENDER. 

The Armenian language has no grammatical forms 
to mark the distinction of gender. 

NUMBER. 

The Plural Number is formed by adding to monosyl- 
lables he ; as ^«/«i, word, pum-bit , words ; to words of 
more than one syllable ibp ; as ^wif-nt-uu*, garment, <^a,^ 
^.nuuuihbp, garments- 

Though the singular have but one written vowel, yet 
if it is pronounced with a euphonic ^ it is a dissyllable, 
and takes ify to form the plural ;as ^t/ u head (pron. 

CASE. 

Nouns in the modern language have six cases, the 
Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative 
and Instrumental. The Accusative is however always 
the same with the Nominative, and the Dative with 
the Genitive. The Vocative is the same as the Nom. 
with (or without) ntf 0- The other three cases of the 
Ancient Armenian are supplied by the Genitive with 
Postpositions- 

The Definite form of nouns is produced by adding /f 
to the simple form when the latter ends with a conso- 
nant, and "b when it ends with a vowel ; as <fanf churchy 
tfuiilji the church, npq-fi son, np^frlj the son- The £ of the 



12 ETYMOLOGY* 

definite form also becomes 1* when the following word 
begins with a vowel and is closely united in pronun- 
ciation with the noun ; as Jluqbp'b m^ the hairs also, for 

Juiqbnn umi • 

Declension of Nouns. 

\\uin. a word, is an example of the most usual mode 
of declining nouns which end with a consonant. 



INDEFINITE FORM. 
Singular. Plural. 

Norn. & Ace. {\tun. (<£) a [\ata.tp words 

word 
Gen. & Dat. f+umf («£> of [\uHt^ of or to words 

or to a word 
Abl. \\uink CJjo from a [\mn.hpk from words 

word 
Inst. [\tun.nt[_ iJfe ) with a |\«#n.^n^ with words 

word - g 

DEFINITE FORM 



Nom & Ace. [\mn-p the \\uin.bpp the words 

word 

Gen. & Dat. [\uin.Jib of or [\iun.bpm.lb of or to the 

to the word words 

Abl \\uin.l;l* from &c. (\um.fy## from &c. 

Inst \\iuiuii[pi with &c. \\iun.bpm[a with &c. 



IRREGULAR NOUNS* 13 

Example of a noun ending with a vowel 

Sing. Plur. 

INDEFINITE FORM. 

Nom. & Ace. i\i»nfi {Jp) a (l/"?/^/' sons 

son 
Gen. & Dat. Dpqffi (*/£) of [\pq.pLkpnL. of or to sons 

or to a son 
Abl. Wpifik (Jp) from a son [\pq.pihpk from sons 
Inst. i)ptf"' l /_ («£) with a [\pq-filjbpnil_ with sons 

son 

DEFINITE FORM. 

Nom. & Acc. l)pq ft the Dptfityp the sons 

son 

Gen. & Dat. Dp^ffb of or [Xp^f/bbpniJu of or to the 

to the son sons 

Abl. ttpq-fith from the son [)pq.fihtrpkli from the sons 

Inst. l\ptl""lg. with the son Dp^bpni/a with the sons 

IRREGULAR NOUNS. 

Nearly all the irregularities which appear in the 
declension of Nouns in Modern Armenian are remnants 
of the Ancient Armenian declensions. The following 
are the principal . 

To prevent ambiguity the prefix ^ , which forms the 
Accusative in Ancient Armenian, is occasionally em. 
ployed to distinguish that case from the Nominative ; 
as \\1t Jujptfp np ^| 1 ji jiiiwilu»A' fypufipk the man ivho loves 
God. If written without the ^ this sentence might be 
translated, the man whom God loves. 
3 



U ETYMOLOGY. 

Nouns ending in fiiX may be declined after the fof 
lowing paradigm. 

Norn. & Ace* ^uiJpnpqni.pfn.'b a journey 
Gen. & Dat. ■rfuiJpapq.nt.pbuA 

Abl» TV* ' utJp\n pq.au pb'bk 
Inst- ■J\iuJpapn.aup btutTp 

The plurals are regular, excepting that the ancient 
Genitive, ending in bmi, g occasionally appears. 

These nouns may also be declined throughout after 
the regular form, especially when used as proper 
names or in a peculiar sense ; e. g. we may translate 
the phrase of the journey ifiiuJfjLnji/fnL.pfiL.'b ft or T£uuTp.apn-nu^ 
phiu%£ , but if we are speaking of a book entitled 7\'«/*C 
ftapn-nupfrdbp the Gen. must be j\ unT^npa-aup fiuift . So 
{)<upaupbu/b <y»£ the day of the resurrection, but <l|. (>"*w 
pnLpfii-ljfrh ffaipn Mr* Harootune's book * uppaupbu/h of 
holiness, upp.au ppJhp'b of the Sanctuary. 

Nouns which in Ancient Armenian terminate in- 
nutfi, , in the modern language either retain the final 
& and form the Gen. in dU/u, or drop that letter and are 
declined regularly ; thus o&auffi anointing, Gen. oft-i/oifr, 
or o&ni.J\ Gen. o^auJft. 

A few nouns, chiefly monosyllables, make the Gen. in 

au instead OI f> I aS Jlupn.au , UJpOau , l^ntjnu , n.pnu , <^aifau , 

hn^nu , umfnL , qajpnu , &c. but all tbese, except the 
first, may take the regular form of the Gen. in f>. 

Infinitives, when declined as nouns, uniformly make 
their Gen. in au ; as u_np&b[_ , n.ap&bfnu. The other 
cases are regular. 

^uyp father, has the Gen. & Dat. Sing. <$op , AbL ^ 
pk or <^opJk , Inst. <$ujjpnt£ or <$opJha< . 

Like it are declined its derivatives, also Jiyp 
mother , and bnp.uijp brother and their derivatives. The 
Plurals are regular. 



IRREGULAR NOUNS. 15 

\\uwnLiu& God. Geil. & Dat. (\u*«/i«_£/y , Abl. Y^utum-bilk , 
InSt. \\uuin^&Jh£ Or \\uutni&nt£. 

Sty Lord, Gen. and Dat. S^r n t (in the title of the 
New Testament Sfbuin.'b) Abl. $kp"?Jb , Inst. $kpn£Jn£ , 

Skpn^ 5 (Of wfipnO , wfipn^tfl; , inftpn^Jhi[ ). 

11*0717- man, Gen. and Dat. tHupn.nL. or tfiupn-iy . Norn- 
& Ace. Plur. Jtupq.(,%, Gen . & Dat- Jlup,j.n 3 , Abl- Jlupn_n g ^ 

«/£» InSt. JlunnfiDilhil 5 Of Jutpn.bh'bbp , ^"bbpnu , ^*bbpl~ , 
«= 2/ o/i n^ ♦ 

!)/>?/' son , besides being declined regularly, has the 
Gen- & Dat. Sing, (when applied to the Son of God) 
(|/»7-'-n/ , The ancient Plural is also occasionally used, 
especially in the phrase Children of Israel, thus , nptfcj* s 

npn.i-nq , npn.L.nqub , npriLnaJht^ . 

So blfbqbgf, has sometimes b^nb^n/ and ^«^ <£«jp_ny 
(especially when used for the Holy Spirit). 

( )/f dm/, Gen- opm-u/b , Abl. opnupbb * 

l]p» or 4^4 woman, wife, Gen. & Dat. l(bipu% , fyln^ , 
<rr £fc^ . 

I 7'A£ or fy'M husband, Gen. & Dat. kpfi*»u m bp^u»% 
^pptff,l, or bpfifyfiii. 

W^tMtbnul^ Child, Jutbtpuli Or Ja/brru/ffg. 
j\n«-rt. handful, pnu/b Or /ant. rt^r. 
«]>nt_re. Oven, ifin-uili OV ifwi-nft. 

*{ t nt-n pomegranate, %n-xn% ov'bnLn.h. 
? |»nt-n. door, n_/i«#Y/ (with /• in the Gen- but preserving 
the a in the other oblique cases) 7-«k£ , n-n.i in tf , or 

sj.nL.n-h , n-.ni.n-b » n.ai.n.ni£^. 

\* m n_utnL. 1'llOrning, utntttnuush , uin.innL.pbb' 

]^pfi^nc% evening, fipfifynL.tub , f>pfiffni.pb£ . 

*\*hpbp night , n-Jt^bpncu/b OT q-fipbpnc , /f-ftTbftn^pVb* 
^u/pfi year , uiiupnuuth Or utuupL.nj , uiutpnt-phb . 
l % # i^t/ TllOnth, luJunL.ui'b Or uiJiml. , uiiTuni-phb . 

£ ^tupiup week, pwpplaL.ut'b or pi"pP nt > 2j a i , P rtt -p^ J ^ 



16 ETYMOLOGY. 

The last three are thus declined particularly when 
used to express duration ; as i[b 3 unTunuwb k he is six 
months old, u/bgm& tniupm.phk i/fo^L. ^{iiTu* from last year 
till now ; otherwise i;hey are regular ; as wu/^ -/fyjte 

the end of the year, i[hgbpnprj. ujcfjiufij tuhntJhp ipnpjnubguti. 

the name of the sixth month was changed. 

Syj?j a son, Gen. and Dat. wqm. , AbL ">qk , Inst- 

""¥"£_' Pllir. uirjuyji Or mrjoigbbp, Gen. and Dat. utquMjng 

or uiqng , Abl. unjngJk , Inst inqngiTni/^. It may also be 
declined regularly ^i^j , . *«//» , &c. 
\Yu»<$ death Ju»<£nu or iTut^m-uih. 

^^nqnihiupn. people, tJ-nnnt/pn^bu/b , 

^jnt-fu head, t^i^im. , ^.[fuk , ?-l! uni L > Plur. i^iJubp . 
'|*u/fi/7fjk spring , if-ui^ihuiij. 
Ygnu'b autumn, iu^bu/b. 

$nJb hoUSe, intuit , uiub , mltntfj. 

*P*W i^ nL r >•£"/') Sister, ^pn^ 1m ppn^Jb yt ppn$Jhi[j 

\] butty* life, ^ bit tug . 

Y+pfyphiP heaven, bptfupg . 

\\n.u^pbut^ JlpOStle, uin-uijpbpjj , Gdl PlUr. tuthtupb^ng . 

But we may also say, tLnnntlat-p^p , ^.fnu/np, tf.tupnt.up , 

utpnt-ltb , mnt-uh , .P"//'A » hhuiltpp , bpLjihop , iuinuobuti[t 

he. 

Proper names are for the most part declined regu- 
larly ; occasionally however they present an Ancient 
Armenian Genitive form in («/ or nt ; as y^utdly 

y pptu<£tuJnt-. 

Nouns which have k in the last syllable of the No- 
minative sometimes change that vowel in the oblique 
cases of the Singular into p ; as ufutpu,^ a garden , ujutp^ 
mknb or upupmptjb ; i/kX a dispute, qk^p or uftzCp ; sometimes 
(in proper names) into b ; as [) r upbS , \)p^bJp or l)^- 
pbJiuj . If the last vowel of the Norn, be P or n«_ it is 
bometimes dropped in the oblique cases ; as uppm, uputf,; 



ADJECTIVES. 17 

o^aum , o^-if^. The same occurs, though more rarely, 
with at ; as guiqutp , £*><]£ p . 

ADJECTIVES. 

Adjectives, as in English, are undeclined, except 
when used as substantives. 

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

The Comparative degree is formed by prefixing 
tui-h^jt more, or it is the simple form of the Positive. 
In either case it takes an Ablative of the noun ; as 
wniJbk'b puiftXp , or mni-'bk'it ut^h^ putpXp higher than the 
house, Occasionally the ancient form of the compara- 
tive (terminating in a.nj'ij) is met with, as iatt.tuif.njb 
better, Jk&uta.nju greater. 

The Superlative is formed from the Positive by pre- 
fixing ivJku (with at for a union-vowel when the Ad- 
jective begins with a consonant), as utJbhutptupp best, 
utJk'bf,Juiuu, wisest ; or by a reduplication of the Positive, 
as Jh&u,JL& greatest, very great, £uipiv£iup very bad ; or it 
is (like the Comparative) a simple Positive in the de- 
finite form construed with an Ablative of the noun 
as ut i/klt hi* Jk&p the greatest of all 

In the language of common conversation many 
adjectives admit a sort of reduplication which gives 
them the force of superlatives. 

The syllable prefixed consists of the first consonant 
of the adjective, (if it begin with a consonant) the 
first vowel, and the letter t/> or u , more rarely r or J , 
according as euphony requires ; thus fiym.'b full, 
ibift ibgniJu brim Jull, ^ftunu^ straight, ^fuf, ^[,mu,If per- 
fectly straight, Jhup dark, Jn LU Jh^p very dark % 
pitch dark, Jftuutlf alone, Jfiu Jfrlu,^ all alone, quite a- 



18 



ETYMOLOGY, 



lone. In like maner, tibf ^bpJiu^ very white, k^ kpl^ 
very long, fik$ (or php ) xpbJfiq^very clean, bnnf, (or 
&nLiT) d-nt-n- #er*/ crooked, &c- 

The following forms are also a kind of Superlative, 
ufnuj^infili very small, from *Y2fM sma ^h ^^1^} aen/ 
/me, (spoken of powder, or any thing in grains) from 
illi/btap, a corruption of Jiulp fine, small. 

The termination £££ (occasionally £«#£) gives to ad- 
jectives a diminutive signification ; e. g. pbpb^b^ 
rather light, S^iulip^b^ rather heavy, Jb&^ui^ rather large. 



NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 





Cardinals. 


I. 


Jkk 


2. 


b p bat.. 


3. 


fafe 


4. 


t?r u 


5. 


tfH 


6. 


tea 


7. 


bourn 


8. 


nt-Pff 


9. 


t^e. 


10. 


tnutup 


11. 


uiuiubnukb 


12. 


uiuiuhbpbni. 


13. 


tnui ubb bp bo 


14. 


iniuubnsnn u 


15. 


in tu ubp ^h'b q. 


16. 


in ut uli p i/b n 


17. 


U'.tuuhnu be, jet p 


18. 


utvuubnu ni~(ft it 


19- 


vj 111 ub n l- (ih n 


20. 


puiuh 



Ordinals* 

utrLtuOli bn nn n. 

bplfpnpn. 

bppnpn. 

t»ppnpq_ 

<^p1,n_bpnpn. 

qhgbpnpn. 

bop'bbpnpq. 

nupbpnnn. 

p%%bpnpn. 

tnutub bp np n. 

dhutuuuuthbpnpn. 

bp b ninuiutuh bpnp rp 

bp bo m ui uti/b bp np n. 

*apbptnuiuu/bbpnpn- 

<<% ti-b wuj uufh bpnp n. 

if b put tuuiith bpnp n. 

boP^lmi. iniuuubpnpn. 

ni.p ni- inmulj lipnpn 

h'b'bnL-uiiuubbp npn. 



uuihbpnpn. 



NUMERALS. 19 

21. puiubpS^l^ puatbpifkl^bpnpr^. 

22. pua/bbiibnu pu utihiiLnitfit nnit 
30' bpunuh bpuni^bbpriprL. 
40. pujiLunub puJiLunubannnn. 
50. ifiuniJlj jhuni-'hhnnntj. 
60. i/iuftuni-'b JuthtunLbhiinnrL 
70- bohfruibutunuh boftf ashmunt-'hb 'pnp 7 
80. ncp uniJu ni-fduniJh bpn tin. 

90* fib'bunL.'b b'blbunubbpnpn. 

100. <£ujpfii.p <£utp[it-phpnpq. 

200. bpLnc ^tupfiLp b^il^nu <£ujp{ti.p bpnpn. 

300 hpbp < ^ aJ p/ ,t ~[' bl •£ < $ Ui ['f ,l -('*'P n /"t 

1000. <^uiqutp g|| <^aiqutpbpnprj. 

1 0,000 pfu-p Or tnujup <^tuautp utojup <^iuua§pbpnprp 

From 11 to 19 the ordinals are frequently formed 
from the cardinals by simply adding bpnprj. ; as wiuuhp^ 
ifjjtjbpnpq. sixteenth' 

The cardinals are sometimes employed instead 
of ordinals .* as IJui^j/nu ^uuiubpl^m. the twenty second 
Psalm- 

\*pl(nL. without a substantive expressed becomes bp^ 
l[ni~£ . In like manner tudku all, when its substantive is 
understood, becomes mJk^ . 

Value of the letters of the alphabet used as numerals. 



iU 


l 


£ 


10 


2? 


100 


/T 


1000 


p 


2 


"f 


20 


f 


200 


*u 


2000 


¥ 


3 


/_ 


30 


<T 


300 


£ 


3000 


f 


4 


£ 


40 


% 


400 


tfi 


4000 


'b 


5 


*S 


50 


7. 


500 


r 


5000 


T. 


6 


4 


60 


a 


600 


d 


6000 


'k 


7 


i 


70 


T 


700 


L. 


7000 


T 


8 


a 


80 


f Y 


800 


f 


8000 


P 


9 


7L 


90 


£ 


900 


£ 


9000 



20 ETYMOLOGY. 



PRONOUNS. 

Pronouns, as in other languages, are divided in- 
to Personal, Relative, Interrogative, Demonstrative 5 
and Possessive. Like the Shemitic dialects, the Ar- 
menian has also pronominal suffixes. 

The following is the declension of the Personal 
Pronouns. The Accusatives all take the prefix ^ occa- 
sionally, but those of the first and second persons not 
commonly. 

1. b« I 

Sing- Plur. 

Nom.b« I \ybfywe 

Gen- ^Jf.'b or (,S of me W^v or ^'ft °f us 

Dat ]^a or/A&p to me \V^q_ or ^it to us 

Ace. ]*uor qfru me \V^i. or V?"L us 

Abl. |^/£, fi&Jk or fok \Yl>qJk or Jk^k from us 
from me 

Inst. YnJhiL or fi^Jh.L with W^HL^L witn us 
me. 

2. <\*m.% thou. 

Norn. J |vit-k thou '\viig ye 

Gen. ^(Km.lf/i'b or ^hl. of yfy or Zbpft of you 

thee 

Dat *[Kbi L or ^bqfc to thee y^ or Zbtjj, to you 

Ace. x [\bq_ or t^br^ thee Qb%_ or qibq_ you 

Abl. ^[Kbi/Jh or jtblk from QbiJk or Zbbk from you 

thee 

Inst *t\b%Jhi[_ with thee '^i^'L witn y° u 



PRONOUNS. 21 

3, |*fy>£ , /ie, she, iU 

Nom. |*\^/> he, she, it Iv^l tne y 

Gen. and Dat. ]yr£fc , pp hptog of or to them 

of or to him, her, it 

Ace. ] % ^p_ or nbit££ him, J^A^ »r afrpblj) them 

her, it 

Abl. lv^ from him, &c- \\ph%gJk from them 

Inst. \\pJhtl_ with him, &c> ]*ptrbgJn£ with them 

The Datives of the Personal Pronouns are occasio- 
nally used as Accusatives, and in like manner the 
Accusatives (without a) as Datives ; as pt&p bb&bgpu 
they beat me, pup gb^ I sa id t° thee. 

The Relative np who, which, is applied equally to 
persons and things. It is thus declined, 

Sing. Plun 

Nom. & Ac- (l/i who, which [|/" , V who, which 
Gen. (I/""-*' i n pp u of or to i)pnig of whom &c 

whom or which 
Abl. \\pJk from whom, or [\pnugJk from &c. 

from which 
Inst. IXpfL w ^ tn or °y (|/»«^^»^_ with or by whom 

whom or which &c. 

The Interrogative Pronouns are, for persons */^_ 
who ? for things p P *£_ what ? The former, which is 
both singular and plural, is not declined, but takes for 
its oblique cases those of np ; as (|/"»°^ mn^fip to whom 
did you give 9 [\pn1gJk P wn-pp from whom did you take? 
|*t^ is declined like the more usual form of nouns, ex- 
cept that the Genitive and Dative Sing, is pu^JL , as 

well as pi>tb° ' 

The usual forms of the Demonstrative Pronouns 
4 



22 ETYMOLOGY. 

are u$ u , utm , and utit , though they occasionally ap 
pear with the ancient forms u> t u , utjq. , and utju . The 
last may serve as an example of the way in which 
they are declined. 

\\lt , that, he, she, it. 

Nom. |>, «ity, or uibfifyuy |>«>^ those (persons or 

that (person or thing.) things) 

Gen. & D. \\imp of or to Y&nbg of or to those 

that 

Ace. Y^fi , uu^frtfuij , aut_ <>^uSiin'bj> those 

if* or qtutt^tuf that. 

Abl- Y^l(h , wljtiki), tuilffyov y^nbgJk from those 

u/bnpJh from that 

Inst. |>/i^_ with that Yjunhgdhi^ with those 

I'.iz j/iis (rarely ««/), and wm */ta£ (but referring to 
an object less distant than u/b) are declined in the 
same manner. When joined with nouns all three remain 
undeclined, like adjectives, as utu Jlup^m.'h of this man, 
tut/ puSblifip those things* 

These three demonstrative pronouns are sometimes 
spoken of by the Armenians as personal • utu being re- 
garded as of the first person, and as having a reference 
to something near or connected with the speaker, utm 
of the second, and relating to something near or con- 
nected with the person addressed. \\li is of the third 
person, of course. 

There are two other forms of these Demonstrative 
Pronouns in vulgar use ; viz. uf, , mf> and t,f, as ad- 
jectives, like umu , utm and u/i, ; and «/^/> or up^fi^utf , mp^ 
ft or uipi/filfajj , and Itp^ or %^^f ^ , which are used 
without nouns and are declined thus : 



SUFFIX PRONOUNS. 23 

Sing. Plur. 

Norn, k Ace- [\£<fl> or u^^^uij [l^nfy 

Gen. & Dat. [\e4"P Dn 1 /"^ 

Abl. [IftifnpJI; , "f£% Or "filihg \)[it[nbgill 

Inst. \)[ii[n(iiJnil or lj£^«£ \){"l n ^g i/m 'L 

The Suffixes are appended to nouns and particles, 
not to verbs- They are 

For the Singular For the Plur. without a noun or pro- 

noun in the Gen- case preceding 

[" 1 pers. u 1 pers- fy»v^« or *»/>« 

2 pers 7- 2 pers- bfifo or *»/r^ 

3 pers. £ or fc ; 3 pers trpb/il or %fto 

Preceded by a Genitive, ^ or fc for all the persons of 
the Plural. 

The forms kpltftu , twphpq. and bpLpi are appended 
to monosyllables ; 'upu , fyA^ and fc^fc to words of more 
than one syllable. 

The suffix for the 3 p. Sing, and for the PI. is p when 
the word to which it is appended terminates with a 
consonant, and fc when it terminates with a vowel . 
I 1 also becomes 'b before a word commencing with a 
vowel provided the two words are pronounced in 
close connexion. 

In signification these suffixes are generally posses- 
sive, and in conjunction with the Gen. case of n wins or 
of the Personal or Demonstrative pronouns constitute 
the usual mode of indicating the idea of possession * 
eg. |*»/* innulm my house, tubn%g iffr^iulfft their condition. 

Sometimes however they are personal and in appo- 
sition with the nouns to which they are appended ; 
as s] a» j Xbijjt ifttuftf u frg filt b ft nur^ woe unto you Pharisees \ 
When appended to prepositions they are of course 



24 ETYMOLOGY. 

personal, as ./»/»<_ i/pwq. upon thee, Jk$bp1>t»> among us. 

The sing. Suffixes are appended to all the cases of 
nouns. A noun with a plural suffix is thus declined. 

Norn, iv^pbp'ht'u our eyes. 

Gen. & Dat. uj^pbp'bnt.u 

Abi- ut^pbp'bnLU Or ui^php'hku 
InSt. ut^pbpnijlb^u 

The plural suffixes when they include the syllable 
hp (which forms the plural of nouns) are somewhat am- 
biguous; thus wm.itrp'hfo may signify your house or 
your houses. To express this distinction clearly in Ar- 
menian we must say, for the former ity uindp , and 
for the latter Xbp wn^bhpp . ; 

In like manner the suffixes « and p or l are used 
as demonstratives after u, u and uA> ; as pwpL u,u 
uiu/hu peace to this house, Matt. 10 : 12, u/b mmj^b 
from that house v. 14. This latter however coa- 
lesces with the definite form of the noun. So doe s 
P ori# when used as a possessive suffix. They must 
be distinguished by the connexion. That this suffix 
has however a possessive force, and is not always to 
be reckoned as a demonstrative pronoun or a definite 
article, is evident from such phrases as *uuni,g Jk^p 
one of these, pu> if.tu cap fa Jkffp a certain king, "^rfc^a iffy 
there is no other than he ; also from the analogy of the 
possessive suffixes of the other persons. 

The separate Possessive pronouns, as has been 
remarked above, are the same with the Genitive 
cases of the personal pronouns, as fiiT or fcJph my, Jhp 
or Jbpfa our, &c. When the substantive to which they 
belong is understood and they correspond to mine, thine, 
&c they are declined like nouns, taking pleonastically 
their appropriate suffixes ; thus 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES OF VERBS. 25 

Sing. Plur. 

Norn. & Ace. ]*Jh or fulftlu \\Jphljbpu mine 
Gen. & Dat- l^fc/'o ']*Jf>Vbbpm.u of or to mine 

Abl. |**#H« ^JfiVbbpku from mine 

Inst. ^Jfi'Laifu \*Jfib'ub ( ,nilu with mine 

In like manner are declined ^i^fo or ^^"bq. thine, 
fippOY fipblp his, hers, its, Jkpp or Jbpfihp ours, Xbpp or 
XUppbp yours, & fipfugp theirs, the oblique cases being 
always derived from the dissyllabic forms. 



VERBS. 

The simplest form of the Verb in Modern Armenian 
is the Infinitive Mood, which may therefore be pro- 
perly regarded as the root, although in most Ancient 
Armenian Lexicons the Present Indicative is so regard- 
ed. 

Verbs have in the Infinitive Mood four terminations, 
viz- ii^ , A/_ , t>i_ , and ««./ . 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

The Present Tense of the Indicative is formed from 
the Infinitive by changing its final L into J' and prefix- 
ing the syllable fe (in the case of monosyllabic roots 
l^nL. ) ; as paibiuf_ lo open, fypputbtuJ" I open ; »fa>bi_ to love 
fypuftpbiT I love ; juoufa to speak fyp/iioufiJ* I speak ; pnqn t . f - 
to leave , ^ppnqnutT I leave ; jut^ to cry, ^ni.^u,r / cry* 

The Imperfect is formed from the Present by chang- 
ing its final uiiT into uyf, , bf or fnf into kf> and m.iT 

intO nt.fi , aS fyppuibtvjfi , /fpufipty , Ifpftntfn^fi y fyat-£uujfi* 

The prefix fa appears only in the Present and Im- 



26 ETYMOLOGY. 

perfect Indicative- The following verbs do not take it 
even in these tenses ; bJ I am , fouiuS lean , ^[.mbiT I 
know and nt.l,fiJ* I have. \\uip&b,r I think, sometimes 
takes it, and sometimes not. Xip^up&biT expresses an 
opinion with rather more confidence than^tup&bs. 

The Aorist * varies in different verbs, and must be 
learned from the Lexicon Nevertheless the following 
general principles will be of use to the student. 

1. Regular active verbs in b L change this termi- 
nation into bgf, to form the Aorist, as lnuwiupb^ to finish, 

Aor- Lai in tup haft. 

2. Causative verbs in gn,.i,b L change this termination 
into gm-gfi-, as uLgn^b^ to blacken, Aor. uLgnLgp, 

3. Verbs in u, f (except those in>/"/^) agree with 
those in b^, making the Aorist in tugf, , as utnu,^ , to grind, 

Aor. uirjuiqp. 

4. Those in i/u*j generally make the Aor. in guy , as 

JniLuiu^JtO JOrget, Jhn.guy, nupu/bui^ tO deny, nt-putguy . 

5. Verbs in p L (and up L preceded by a vowel) change 
this termination into bgay, as \uoup L , [uoubgay. This 
rule includes all regular Passive verbs. 

6. Verbs terminating in Ifa preceded by a consonant, 
form the Aorist by changing this termination into a,j, 
as Jtn.upL io ^ ie 5 Aor Jbn-*-j I <^tudhpf_ to arrive , Aor. £«/^ 

uuy. 

The Perfect and Pluperfect are formed by combining 
the Past Participle of the principal verb with the Pre- 
sent and Imperfect of the auxiliary bJ t. 

The First or simple Future is formed by prefixing 

•I call this tense Aorist (though the Armenian grammarians call 
it Perfect) because it corresponds in sense with the Greek Aorist, 
nrul because the Armenian has another Perfect, corresponding in 
form and use with the Perfect in other languages. 

tMore rarely ««.ty.r / have ; as </»& u ««i- ««jtyir / have seen, instead 

Of wiiuwi hf. 



AUXILIARY VERB. 27 

uff,u,f, to the Subjunctive Present, which is, in regular 
verbs, the same as the Indicative Present without the 
prefix £/». Thus «y^«#»/» ij-npMnr I shall work (lit. it must be 
that I work, or it is necessary that I work). 

The Future Participle combined with the Present 
tense oi' f*J y gives another form of this tense. 

The Second or compound Future consists of the First 
Future of the auxiliary £«/' and the Past Participle of 
the principal verb. 

The formation of the tenses in the other moods will 
be seen in the Paradigms. 

The Infinitive Mood is also a Gerund, and declined 
like nouns ; as q-npt^b^to work, working, Gen. tj.np&bpju 
of workings Inst. n-nphrb^nt. with or by working. 

THE AUXILIARY VERB IMf ♦ 

The substantive verb btT I am , being an auxiliary, 
first claims attention. It is strictly a defective verb, 
its wanting tenses being supplied from pjupl t0 become. 
It is thus varied. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular Plural. 

\?iT (vulg. fiif) I am \ftp (vulg. ftp) we are 

fo« thou art 1 ^ ye are 

1* he, she, or it is fofc they are 

IMPERFECT. 

|^ I was 1 +fii£ we were 

]*PP thou wast \+te ye were 

lv he was |*ffc they were, 



28 ETYMOLOGY. 

AORIST. 

Ytqutj I was Xjqj»i*£ we were 

\^>l^p thou wast XjV'J? ve were 

J7<£u#«. he was t?"^^ they were 

PERFECT. 

b^u/A- An/" I have been Xfq^^ ^V we have been 

t>£««^ &o thou hast been b^r^ 4# ye have been 
l?2«iA- £ he has been 1>£^ to they have been 

or \}qbp biT , \yqbp ^« , &c- 

PLUPERFECT. 

\;qu>& hp I had been \?qj»& £AV we had been 

X*qu,& fyp thou hadst been fr^^- ^A^ ve had been 
fc2«** fy he had been \^qj^^ kft they had been 

or \^qjrp kp , \fijrp kpp , &c 

FIRST FUTURE. 

<*\put[> piu»»r I shall be Q\pmp pjprfip we shall be 

Q\pmp pipuu thou wilt be ^ftmf, piu^p ye will be 
i\\f,mp pipuj he will be ^fi u,p pjpu^ they will be 

Or (* [yip*- l*S , \* /pu^ni- bu , p^/o/^nt. £ , &C< 

SECOND FUTURE. 

*i|AtnA frniuS- nnjutT , OP bquib ujftinp p^jjuif , pjjjuu , &.C. 

I shall have been 

IMPERATIVE MOOD 

(<)vn£ £7L!«I/ , let me be (d^7 piu»i*p let us be 

b7^> be thou bify or *"$£ he ye 

{\™>l pjL"u let him be (c)»n^ ^u/fc let them be 



AUXILIARY VERB. 2<j 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT AND FIRST FUTURE. 

(» ijjuJ that or if I be l 1 /*-"^ that or if we be 

[*/puo that or if thou be V iu»p that or if ye be 
\* ipy that or if he be \ x jy^ that or if they be 

IMPERFECT. 
i'wub that or if I were Vipvbfy that or if we were 

Wjuyfo that or if thou Vtuvfip that or if ye were 

wert 
\ l tier that or if he were V iufjb' b that or if they 

were 

PERFECT AND SECOND FUTURE. 

\?V^ HIP"^ ' (LIP"" » & c * that or if I have been, or 
shall have been 

PLUPERFECT. 

\*quj& Piuyfi , pj^ubv ' & c * that or if I should have 
been 

FUTURE 

[beside the form of the Present]. 

\ x liiu^u fiiuutT , piuuu, &c. that or if I should hereafter 
be 

POTENTIAL OR CONDITIONAL MOOD. 

IMPERFECT. 
<i|/iui/; pippjt* , muHjbP > & c * * should be or have been 

PLUPERFECT. 
Q\(iu,[, bqtub tupifb 3 £iy u jbv-> & c * should have been 



30 ETYMOLOGY. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

i* IP"L *° De - Varied as a Gerund, piL^^i- of being, 
nW^lh fr° m being, Hlk ut UJ t L with, by, or on account of 
being. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present bq»^ l or ci^t] being. 
Past t^«^ or hqbp having been. 
Future (* ^^"- about to be. 



Of the four endings of Regular Verbs biT is the most 
frequent. An example in that ending will therefore be 
given in full. 

CONJUGATION of the REGULAR VERB 'HirMMV to work. 

ACTIVE VOICE. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

I work or I am working 

Singular Plural 

X\pq-np&htT X\pjj.np&h1jD%r 

X\ptf-np&ku X\pn-np&kj> 

\\ptf.np&I; \\ps^np&b'b 

IMPERFECT 
I was working or I wrought habitually 

^\Ht n P^t X\pif.npM;[,'bj> 

\}pfnp^k[ip Xlptf.npb-klip 

\\ptj-np&kp \]p^np^[itt 

* Some use £«/£ as the termination of the 1st pers. Plur. confor- 
ming to the Ancient Armenian. But this is considered pedantic. 



CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR VERB. 31 

"AORIST. 
I wrought or I have wrought 



^np&bgf, 


^"P&bgpbp 


l h n p^htp 


^ttp&bgfe 


*b n p & h 


^^np&bijfiu 




PERFECT. 




I have wrought 


*|-»n/id-«f& biT 


*| ■»*?/» &-u#& but* 


'|%#»/io-u#o- bu 


*\\nnb-iu& kj> 


*\xnpb-iu&- £ 


*\\np&-unb- his 



Or *\\np&bp biT , if.np&bp bu , &C. 

PLUPERFECT. 
I had wrought 

^xapbtuS- £ft *\\np&ui& kftbp 

*\\np&uj& bhp *l+np&-tu& khp 

*]+np&-uM& kp *\\npt*uih- £[& 

Or l )*np&bp kfr , q.np&bp £[ip , &C. 

FIRST FUTURE. 
I shall work or I will work 

^\fiuifi q-tipb-biT *y\fnnfi q.npb-b'bg 

^fiwfi q.nph-bu <\\Jiui[i q-np&bg 

Q\[iuifi ij-np&k <I}^U7^ if.npb-h'b 

Or ^\\nph-binu biT , q-np&binu bu , &C 

SECOND FUTURE. 
I shall have wrought 

i \\np&uj& uffiutft pipuiT ^xnp&iMjb- tufiinft pyuthg 

\xnpb-ui& ujfiwfi (Hjutu ^np&uth- uj[iur[i pjUHp 

^np&ujb tuputfi pjjjuj ffanp&uib- utf"»l* p/Li"'" 
Or Q\[iui[i q.np&ut& nyjuiT 



32 ETYMOLOGY. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

{ ( )*ni L tf.np&hiT let me work ItWq^ tf.npbb%p let us work 
( |*njiH work thou ^npbbgk'jp work ye 

lt)*i'n_ if-np&k let him work fr)™^ ^.np^b'blet them work 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT AND FIRST FUTURE. 
That I work or if I work 

^np&bif ^xnp&lrbg 

^np&bu ^npb-kj* 

%npH ^np&b-U 

IMPERFECT. 
That or if I should work 

'hnpHf* *\*npHpU 

l \%nph-k[ip l \ %n P^fiP 

*l*apHp ^npHpb 

PERFECT AND SECOND FUTURE. 
That or if I have wrought, or shall have wrought 



'}-*»« ^-tfjd- pnjutT 


*\\npb-utb- p/w'bj* 


*^np&-ui& nujuu 


*\*np&at& PIU**J> 


l \*np&uu& plUy 


l \*np&ut& pipub 



PLUPERFECT. 
That or if I had wrought, or should have wrought 
< \*„p &u*& pipyfr l b n p *•«»*• MP u jb' b # 

^np&iub piUVjfa *\*np*wh- p/LS»j[>P 

l \*np&tu& piUup ^np&tub pyuypi 

FIRST FUTURE. 
[2d form] That or if I should hereafter work 

4 j w»/i h-bfnt. pipuS *\*np& bfrtL piyubg 

<\*np&bpni. pipuu ^np^b/nc pjUVg 

<\%nplh[au piU"J %np^bfnu p^uih 



CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR VERB 33 

POTENTIAL or CONDITIONAL MOOD. 

IMPERFECT. 
I would or should work or have wrought 

^fiuift nnpb-kp ^If""/ 1 t£np&-kfih 

PLUPERFECT. 
I would or should have wrought 

*i|Atn/i a.nph-iuh- PlUyh ^\jiunfi q.np&iuO £/Li1lt t 'l J '*g 

^\fitnfi a.np&-uib- PlUyfip **\[iw[i ij.npo-ut& (*lLi^jf'£ 

*l\fiuifi n_nn&iu&- pflusp ^\fiuifi a.np&uu& P[L±yhJi 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 
l \xnp&& L to work. Varied as a Gerund thus ; Gen. 
and Dak ^.^d-^c, Abl. ^.np&trfk , Inst. if.np&^^n/_ f of, 
to, from by, working. 

PERFECT. 
i \^npi^iu& pju**l to have wrought Varied in like 
manner, Gen. and Dat. *j.np&ui& hil*"^-, Abh ^np&uj& 
Plp"ik , Inst q.np&im& niw'lU'L* °f? to > from, by, having 
wrought. 

PARTICIPLES. 

PRESENT. 

^np&nq^ [or q-np&oqj working. 

PAST. 
^npbtrp or f£npt*ut& having wrought 

FUTURE. 

<|%iyi&&im. about to work. 



34 ETYMOLOGY. 

PASSIVE VOICE. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 



\%tia.nnb-nL-pu # 

\^pa.npb-nupu 

l\pij-np&nt-[r 


PRESENT. 

l| pQ-n p o-nt-ptip 

Mpt n p^ nL b£ 

\\pif.np&-nt-p'b 


\\pq.np&*i-kp 

X^pif-np&nL-kpp 

\]pij-np&ni-kp 


IMPERFECT. 

\\nq.np&nt- kp^o 
llpq-np&nt-tyjj 
X\pq-npb-nL.l;fi'U 


' I *np &ni- bauuj 
*y*nph-m-bntup 
*\\np&ni.bgiUL. 


AORIST. 

* | -%np &nu bgutbo 

* | % nph-nt. baiup 
\inpa-tiL.bjpu'b 


€ \^npS-nL.bp bif 
*\\np&nubp bu 
*]\np&nubp £ 


PERFECT. 

*|-»n/»A-/»i_or/i b'bo 
*-\*np&-ni.bp l?0 
*-\\nph-nubp bib 


or Q%#?#»&7?i- aid- biT 


PLUPERFECT. 


*\%np&nL.tv& £/» 


^\^npo-nL.uih- £;filbj> 
' \inp b-ni-iu&- khp 



Or *\*np&ni-bp bp 

FIRST FUTURE. 

*l\[iuip q-npS-m-fitT ^[imfi Q.np&ni-[ihg 

l\\fnnfi q.np&nL.[,u ^fiinfi q.np&nL.[ij» 

Q\puj[i q-np&ni-p ^\pmp ^jnp&nup'ib 
Or ^Y^nph^ni-bptL. biT 

* Also written kcfP ^clt^ > lin* n P* r c4i! u > & c# 



CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR VERB. 35 

SECOND FUTURE. 

"\fimfi nnpo-nLUt& putuJ **\fwi[i n.nn&nt-iu& p/Livbj? 

*«|AmA annanLii/o- pi[juu *"|Au?A a.np&m-ui& p/[uio 

*l|Ac/i^ ij_npb nt-tuh- piUuj *l\[itnfi a.np&-nt-UJ&- pipvh 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

lu vtr l_ f-nph-m-fnT (()»" q_ tf.np&nL.ffbn 

f()v»'^ ifnp&ni-ft [()»/? q^ tf-np&nufi'h 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT AND FIRST FUTURE. 



^\^npa-ni.fiiT 

*l*npb-ni-fiu 

^lap&fii-fi 




ik \inphnufi'b0 

Q%np&-riL.ftn 

^^nph-nufth 




IMPERFECT. 


*J+np&nt-l?[i 
*T*npb-ni-l;fip 
j*npo-nL.£p 




T^npo-nu^fi'bn 

*{* n P&r»-kfa 

^*np&nt.k[fb 


PERFECT 


AND 


SECOND FUTURE. 


< %+np&ni-tv& p[U" u 
^np&nt-ut& PJUHJ 




*\*npb-nL.ui& pipubj» 
^%npb-nuui& piUvp 
^np&ni.iub' pfpu'b 




PLUPERFECT. 


*^* nph-nt-ui& pjUtyti 
*\+np&ni.uj& piUyfrp 
*\*npb-nt-utb- pipup 




^*np&ni.ui& Plptyfibp 
f t>np&ni.uj& PlUyfcp 


^Y^nph-nuhuiL. PJUutT 


FIRS1 


; FUTURE. 

^^np&nL&inL. piiu/ljn 


^np&nt-tffnt- p/Liuu 
*\*np&ni-kini- pipu] 




l*npb-nL.bjnL. p/U*\P 
^k np bnubini. pi {jut/ 



3G ETYMOLOGY. 

POTENTIAL OR CONDITIONAL MOOD. 

IMPERFECT. 

^fiutfi tfjin&ni-kfi 

PLUPERFECT. 

^fiwfi tf.np&nt-ut& pjU*tlt> 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

^*nn&nt-[i/ , r^nph-aubini- &C. 

PERFECT. 
PARTICIPLES. 

PRESENT, ^npbaun^ 

PAST *\*np&nt.bp Or tf-np&nuui& 
FUTURE C^np&n^btnu 

OF VERBS TERMINATING IN «* L , p u% and »^ L . 

Verbs in «y^ preserve the u» throughout the Indica- 
tive, Imperative, Subjunctive, Potential and Infini- 
tive Active ; as £u//i<pi/^ to read, Pres. Ind. fc/fuipq-uitT, 

bpbuipn.iuu, l(plfutpq-UJj > lfpi^tupq.iubp^ l/p[^tupnuijp y Lpbuinn-iuXt 
Imp. fyp/futpij-iJUj[i , lfp^iupq.uJjfip , fypfytupij.uip <> &C. Aor. fytup^ 

rj-iugf, &c. The Present and Past Participles generally 
take an additional syllable derived from the form of the 
Aorist; as ^iup/j.ut^m^ , tjiupqmgbp , Ipupr^uiijiu^ . The last 
two appear of course in the compound tenses of the 
Verb. The Passive Voice also exhibits this additional 
syllable; as Ifp^mpq-iugnLfi it is read. 

Verbs in "biu L generally make the Aorist Indicative in 
3mj and the Imperative in gfo , as JhiLhwiT to forget 
tfhn-cjujj , Jhntjfi' p. But p.uibunT makes pwg[i and p***g • 

Those in t* L are generally declined like the Passive 
voice ; as fe[uou[,ir I speak, lfp[i>ouf,u, feluou/, , &c. Imp , 
t i p(,,ouk[> ) Aor. [uoubcpuj , Imperative {uouk 1 , Participles 



VERBS IN M, AND AM,- 37 

fnoun^ (iioubp, faoutuS- . But some, especially those 
which terminate in "bfiiT preceded by a consonant 
change that termination into u,j for the Aorist and into 
fr for the Imperative ; as Jkn.%f, L to die, Aor. Jhn-uy, 
Imp. Jkn.fi p, 

I believe the only verb in m- L now in use is pnnnu L 
to leave or permit, which preserves its proper vowel and 
like verbs in u*J has the additional syllable in the Pre- 
sent and Past Participles ; thus fepanat-J , fepnqnuu , 

IjnpnnnL. ♦ I^ppnnniJbp , t^npnqni-B^ LnpannL.1t : Imp. 
fepnnni-ft , Aor. pnnni-gft , Parti CipleS pnnnugnq_ , pnqnt.^ 
3 V * Pfinnuntub-* 

COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES 
OF REGULAR VERBS. 

In order to aid the learner in becoming familiar with 
the forms of these different classes of verbs, a table is 
subjoined exhibiting several examples of each kind 
with their principal forms. 



gg ETYMOLOGY. 



C "^ Cft Sit C 



Cl4 llJji H.J 



2 ■* ^ I ^ -^ "> ? 5, P P I, *• 

f 1 r & ti 



* m>i 11 i 



s r* 

o ^ 5 <?i rx i sacs. ^ L §^ ?> T i 

g fa 
« 

S ^ a" ' ' t § 

<»> .5 T3 * *e bn 



t-Hf ^1 f -p ^IM* 



» I'SH^S- IM- p 1 m™ .8. 



J M J.S £ j •* is si sr £rP 



J» 



I I n.s* P - S3. -«« .-f -gram 

fa i> <- "S °a 

< PC 

pa 



o 

fa 
J 

< 



fa © 5*1 J* a j^ J -? 3 & r.5 



2 S » S 

S- s o § s ^ 



i i 5 i 1 



~ p X *! ,r- ^ "S ^ 






^5 ^ i „s^ *f* 



PRINCIPAL FORMS OF VERBS. 39 



* *** i 

f ? ft- S 3 I < 

*£T « ?S a I § 3 c- 

*S f> S ^ ** ^ *•*•"*"*- 

a *fe ji o° *-> es 3 a h 

?}*& Ci : f**4 

*t S ° *? 3^3, 5, oO°o 

5- 5-"t L **., 5-3 § ?* a a ^ 

!*. jjV> c 3 3^ V* ^» 3 v> V*^ 

i I 

3- r^ j* ^ ^s-j s- § ? - ^ i 



*, CD ""d 



> 3 3 , «* 4 T3 gJ f J e^, •- ^ A 3 c£ 

t^a^^c a 3 3 "<. v* &o 3 ^ V*^ 

^^ 5^ ■* "sis 2 o$ 

C- eJ v* e 3 3 •<. V* ^ 3 V* v^ * 

n no , 1 

CD f» S 



Si* -s li t .sa 



40 ETYMOLOGY. 



c 



e* 



^ > 



14* i" r 5. i t± i. 



3 1 •* 3JI 3 i.li J ! ; j 



e u 



•s ** 



* I lit r 8-* -fit 

8 H> 



o 






* 






•§ 4itY^ t t?i** 

h a»c/D a a a* c a a~ ^ c a 



NEGATIVE VERBS. 41 

NEGATIVE VERBS. 

The negative of the auxiliary bf is formed by prefix- 
ing- the letter ^_ ; as ^bJ' I am not, ^k he, she, or it is 
not. The same rule applies to If u^ there is, and to n^ 
lifuT I have ; as ♦4 a/ /' there was not, snJbfil^ we have not. 
Also substantially to all the tenses of the regular Verb* 
except the Present and Imperfect Indicative. The Ne- 
gative form of these two tenses is obtained by prefixing 
the Negative of the auxiliary verb for these two tenses 
to a participial form ending in^ and derived from the 
root by changing its final L into that letter, as *b,r ^^ 
%utp I do not open, fjrJ' jflmjn^p I do not leave. If the verb 
terminate in fy , this participle, though Present in signi- 
fication coincides in form with the Past Participle in b v , 
as ^trif if.np^bf, ; if in a* L , f,f_, or m- L , it does not ; as 

£JnT jnt-uatp, Past Participle jni.uuigbp y ^biT uituhfip. 

Past Participle xmupbp , ^btT pnqm.p, Past Participle, 

utnnnt-nhp. 

In the 3d pers. Sing, of the Present tense the Auxi- 
liary is dropped, and the Participle only appears with 
the negative prefix. 

Some writers instead of uniformly employing a 
simple^ use^/r (as a separate word) when the verb 
begins with a consonant and ±_ (as a prefix) only when 
it begins with a vowel ; thus, ^ £«y there is not, ^ u,b- 
uujj I did not see. But ^ty and ^buoy appear to be in 
accordance with the most approved usage. 

In tenses formed by a participle and an auxiliary the 
negative prefix is attached to the auxiliary and not to 
the participle. In the Future it may be attached either 
to uf[,u,f, or to the verb. The latter is most approved- 

It will he sufficient to give the forms of the negative 
verb for the Indicative Mood ; thus 

* For the negative form of the Imperative see below. 



42 ETYMOLOGY. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Sing. 
OW ^.np&bp , I am not working, 

Oko t^n^b^ , thou art not working, 

'^q.n^&hp . he is not working ; 

Plur. 
'J^bi^ w^-ty , we are not working, 

0^£ tfafiblrp , ye are not working, 

O^ ^ftpkbp : they are not working. 

Imp. £^ q.itfth'bp , ^/Z' t^nph-bp , ^4y» if_np&bp , &C- 

Aor. *q.npbbg[i , £q-np&bgfjp 5 ^"I'^bg , &C- 

Pei'f. aniib-utb- ^biT , i^n^&ujb- ^bu , i^n^hruih- *£ 5 &C. 

Pllip. ifnp&ai& *kfi , tf-np&iu& l^fa' 5 &C 

First Fut. ujfiinfi £ynp&biT , ujfiuift ^ipnp&hu , uffiwfr £?"f»w 

&£ , &C. or £<y[>">[i tj-n^biT , &c. 

Second Flit, tf-np&uth- ujfswfi fjl[puj* Or if-np&ui&- ^itffunh 
pipvJ* * 

The negative particle for the 2d person of the 
Imperative is not ♦_ but <^' (Compare the Greek pi). 

The form of the verb is derived from the Infinitive 
by changing its final ^ into ^ for the Singular and into 
# for the Plural. 

The paradigm of the Imperative negative verb will 
therefore stand thus ; 

Sing. 

1 [^n'q^zjinpbbtr, let me not work, 

2 \Yt>' ifi'&bp , do not (thou) work, 

3 Id^Y iR-np&h • let him not work 

Plur. 

1 ff)"/^ gtnpMfbg , let us not work, 

2 }jy>' tfnp&bjy , do not (ye) work, 

3 (c)»«Y zjh n i'^l'' h : let them not work. 



IMPERSONAL AND DERIVATIVE VERBS. 4S 

IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

These are regularly conjugated so far as the third 
person singular is concerned ; thus IfiuukpLk it rains. 
Imperfect fyu/b&pLkp it was raining, Aorist utuXpLUg it 
rained or has rained, First Future lufunf, utlZpLk it will 
rain, &c. 

lluy there is is used only in the Present and Imperfect 
tenses of the Indicative Mood- Unlike other imperso- 
nal verbs, it has a plural form, as follows. 
Present Sing. l^uy there is, Plur. Ifuiu there are- 
Imperfect Sing, fop there was, Plur. lpvjfc> there were- 

Intransitive verbs sometimes exhibit a Passive form, 
used impersonally, and denoting the possibility of per- 
forming the action expressed by those verbs ; thus 
t{klp"-fr it is possible to go up, from b__b/ to go up, ^bppm-P 
or Iffy put ijni.fi it is possible to go, from u-ppui__ to go . 
(Comp. the Latin curritur.) They are used for the 
most part with a negative ; as ^hpP^jnt-hp it is impossible 
to go. 

DERIVATIVE VERBS. 

By adding uu*__ or utltut L to almost any adjective a 
verb may be formed, signifying to acquire the quality 
expressed by the adjective ; e. g. from pwplp high 
comes fiu$p3LpuMhuMi__ to be elevated, from uiqputm poor comes 
uin^atutinuf_ to become poor, &c. 

Verbs ending in gn^b L are Causative, and are de- 
rived, generally from Neuter, but in a few instances 
from Active verbs, by changing the termination of the 
Aorist, gf> , gu»j , or ay when that tense has not $ in its 
last syllable, into gmJi,b^ ; as lfuipq.iv/_ to read, Aor- ^"7'- 
nutgfi , Causative verb t/iupn-utgnu'itb^ to cause to read, to 
instruct in reading ; Jnnhui__to forget, Aor. Jhnguu) , Caus. 
v. Jhn 9 m'bb__to cause to forget ; <^u,u%f, L to arrive, Aor* 



44 ETYMOLOGY. 

^u/owy , Cans. v. <^uiu 5 nu'bbi^ to cause to arrive ; numb^ to 
eat y Aor . irreg. ^p^j , Caus. v. ^bpgnt/bb^ to cause to 
eat , to feed. 

Those verbs which do not form Causatives, supply 
their place by the various forms of unu L to give, here 
in the sense of to cause, with their own Infinitive ; e» g« 
if_np&b^ uiuii to cause to loork, to set at work , ^.n^bgrnJiib^ 
not being authorized by good usage . So b^ L to rise, 
though a neuter verb has no Causative, and conse- 
quently we must say b [L b L ujuj L ; or the place of this 
phrase may be supplied by some other verb, as t[b L ,^ 
tjnu'bb^ or <^ut'bb^ . We may also say t/bpgncub^ mu*^, 
Jkignuibj^ wiui_ to employ another to raise, to kill, &c. 

IRREGULAR VERBS. 

These are not numerous, and their anomalies are 
chiefly confined to the Aorist Indicative, the Impera- 
tive and the Participles. The Present Imperfect and 
Future of the Indicative, and the simple tenses of the 
Subjunctive, are uniformly regular- The compound 
tenses, of course, follow the Participles. 

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL 
PARTS. 

Infinitive. Aor Ind. Imper. Pres. Part. Past. Part. 

\* n.'bbi tO take iun.ft tun. uM-unn uitviuS- OT utn.bp 

*)*u/^ tO COme b^uy bfyn' Or bl^nn^OY bl^iu^ Or bl^bp 

bbn i-p a.iuinn 

l \xfr§nbf_ or q-(it"^ ff" Jt 3 u O tt^dt'c tb^d"!- tfr^S"*^ or tb w ^ 
uiuf to know gbp 

^^aibbj tO find if-*""*/ ¥ m t ' P q.ut'bnn O-uitub^ QY a,utbp 

'^b^ to put fjp[> q-fip t t bn i_ tr^^ or IV ^V 

\ynjii or butui ^i"U ^iflc or ^ixs"j_ b^ui& or h^bp 
to rise b'^_ 



USE OF THE TENSES. 45 

Infinitive- Aor. Ind. lmper. Pres. Part. Past Part. 
For t?' r see cil^L ' ( t^d"^ x 

-i r-i i •. t 1 «. n.iuqutct 

X?f>pu, L tO gO q-"> a t>OY ^"» { ^^"'l L*t,« 

rfburgfi { OYbppnq^ t < 7 « 

if uipli bi tO utupbfi qui pb qiuitlinn qutpqiuo OY qiup^. 

strike 4^f 

(*//_ u 7 tO be bnuij bnfin bnnn hniu& OV bnbp 

or piLpq^ 

[ i 'hb^tO do ^i^ ppk' phnn^ pjtuib OY ppbp 

\tl\ghb[_ tO Spit P^fiOV P n, £ P^ n H_ Pg 1 "^-) pm-giuh* 
pnupp jppbp Or pni-pbp 

Yjuu,, to fall \ F*^ b % kb'v m a *L bH™** fikh > 

*— I pbbujj pliLpp pjUnn phhuitt QiY phltbp 

hftb L to des- p^uij p$tfp b$L' nt L bt 1 "^ > 0Y rt^c 
cend 

\]^utbb^ tO enter Jlnajj tfinp'p Juibnn Juttub OY t/utbp 

[\uutb^ tO eat l^bpaij fyb'p nutnnn l^bptu& OY l^bpbp 

S^tui tO give utnt-b mn up utnt.nn atnuiu^ QY unnubp 

S^u/ttfii tO Carry ututpp utuip inatbnn inuipiu& OY inutpbp 

S^buhbi tO See mbuuij tnb'u OF uibuhnn mbuuth- QY mbubp 

mbubp 

The Passive of n^^L * s W"-bL > °^ ma *i_ * ui p nt -bL * 
(or intutjni-pf ) and of mu/Lpf , uiojpnufr^ . (* lub^ has 
no proper Passive, but piu«l » employed instead in 
the sense of to 6e done. 

USE OF THE TENSES. 
The Present ordinarily designates either present or 
habitual action ; as tfp^pbJ^ J am writing, or simply / 
write. It is not unfrequently however used as a Future , 
especially in giving a promise ; as ^bpptmf I will go ; 
also as a Potential ; as ^ujpq.ujqnup it can be read, it U 
legible, ^piuqj ^ can oe done. 



46 ETYMOLOGY. 

The Imperfect expresses 

(a) Action past, but incomplete at the time referred 
to ; as fclftuprjiuf, he was reading ; 

(b) Repeated action ; as ^p^utpm^p he was in the habit 
of preaching ; 

(c) fConditional action ; as Ifm-muyp pi- „ ( , . . . / 
would give, or I would have given, if > . . 

The Aorist is the tense of narration, and is used in- 
differently for any past action, whether it have or 
have not a relation to the present time ; as fiJ y *f.np& u 
ffi,qni-i ; p I finished or have finished my work- 

The Perfect has always a certain relation to the pre- 
sent time ; as ppu>& hS I have done, puut^ bj> ye have heard. 

That this tense has a relation to the present time is 
proved by the fact that we cannot use it in connexion 
with any specification of past time. As, to say trpkl[ ^nc. 
tf-tugmb ktT would be improper ; but if speaking- of a third 
person who went yesterday to the country and is 
still there, we may say bpk^ ^wg^p k or hpk^nupyk q-u*^ 

gbp £. 

The Aorist and the Perfect are often used inter- 
changeably ; e • g . Have you written a letter ? may be 
translated "hunFiu^ tj.phgffp , or y 'huiJ\ul i t^puf* bu. 

The Future is frequently used to express probability ; 
as ufpuip <^n1t pijluj he is probably there. 

The other tenses are used for the most part like the 
corresponding tenses in English. 

OF CERTAIN PARTICLES OCCASIONALLY APPENDED 
TO VERBS. 

The syllable Ipip is colloquially added to the 
several persons of the Present and Imperfect tenses 
of verbs to give emphasis ; as ifppuibutJ^np I am 
actually now opening, Ijptj npShu^np thou art actually 
working, &c 



ADVERBS. 47 

The syllable Ik is frequently added to verbs in the 
Subjunctive Mood ; as n'»[_ np a-np&k l>k whoever works ; 
also to the Indicative, giving it the force of a Sub- 
junctive ; as nup np l^bnpuju %k loherever you go ; some- 
times it has the sense of pk np if , and in that case 
pk np may be omitted ; as pk np puku Ik or simply p^ 
ubu %k if you say. 

\?qjrp (like the Turkish imish) appended to a verb in 
the Present or a past tense, implies that the fact stated 
is not one of which the narrator has been an eye-wit- 
ness, but that he has been informed of it by someone 
else, and is nearly equivalent to / am informed, or It must 
be that ; Thus (c)* u, 7- u "-"/r£ l^m-a-tuj bqbp / understand 
that the King is coming. 

\y/> appended to verbs is interrogative ; as ^nu^J^u 
Jf> are you coming ? 

All these particles belong to the language of conver- 
sation, rather than to that of books- Indeed the best 
writers now entirely avoid them. 

ADVERBS. 

Adverbs are either 

1 Primitive ; as <ZfnT*i now, kpkl( yesterday, t[vun^ tomor- 
row, Jfi^n always , <$nu here , $a% there , uijn yes j «^_ ,> J ±k' ' 
no, &c- 

2 Derived from other parts of speech ; e . g . 

(a) Adjectives without change > as ^j 1 "" much , j>f>z_ 
little, un Lin falsely, tulinnnpJ' unmercifully \ lubjnju hopelessly, 
&c 

(b) Adjectives with the termination iqku or pmp 
joined by a union-vowel, generally u* ; as ^mj.Lnpm^ku 
spiritually, from <$na.Lnp spiritual, jfiJluptupuip foolishly, 
from jfiJ^p foolish . Adjectives having k in their last 
syllable change it into [> in the Adverbs derived from 
them ; and those having fi or m. drop them ; as w^k** 



48 ETYMOLOGY. 

ignorant, w^w wp tup ignorantly, uatuutfil^ vehement, uutum^ 
Ijujujku vehemently, h-tuh-m.^ secret, &ui&lpupuip secretly. 
Compare the changes occurring in the declension of 
nouns. See p. 16. 

(c) Nouns in the Instrumental case ; as i-/»i^c nt L 
by night, gnpkfynt/^ by day ; vnwntj^ heartily, u/bfiptuLnu^ 
pbaijy. unjustly, un^funnupbutdy. ignorantly . Sometimes 
the form of the Anc. Arm. Inst, is preserved ; as 
hutptf.tui- in an orderly manner, fyiup&bo^ by conjecture- 

(d) Nouns in the Ablative case ; as ^ uut " b 3 J i w 

jiuinnugni-pbl; of a long time, « long time agO, tun.utni.phk 

ever since morning, or with a form derived from the 
Anc. Arm. Abl. Plur- uin.unu.uiug in the morning, n.ft^b^ 
pnuuibg by night. 

(e) Nouns resembling the form of the Genitive, but, 
by an ellipsis of *p in, having the force of the ancient 
Commorative or Locative case ; as JhLpm.% in the 
dark, gnpb^u in the day time, Jm-p'bnu^nuuni^h at dawn, 
l^ku ij-fizbppTi at midnight- 

(f) Nouns repeated j as mmA mndh from house to 
house , giuquip outqutp from city to city. 

(g) The names of languages terminating in p&i and 
derived from gentile nouns ; as ^uybpkl* in Armenian, 
()at-hu*pkl> in Greek, {^u.njtmpb'h in English &c> Some- 
what resembling these are also ulup^opku humanly 
n.aiifyop£b vulgarly, , &c. although these are perhaps 
from op£b in the sense of custom, manner. 

(h) Adjectives or adjective pronouns and nouns 
combined ; as anup mbna in vain, u/b wmbup then. 

(i) Infinitives (as Gerunds) in the Instrumental 
case, with or without the negative prefix ; as ^puiuut^ 
li"L ignorantly , ^dutut^bpn^ thoughtlessly , " l i^i^»L w ^ 
pleasure. 

Adverbs admit a diminutive termination as well as 



* PREPOSITIONS-CONJUNCTIONS r-49 

Adjectives ; as fu#W^f4&( rather early, n^ty rather 
late. 

They are sometimes repeated, especially those 
which have not more than tvvo syllables, to express 
emphasis ; as ^num ^ni-m very quickly, n^ m-^ very late. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

With the exception of a few retained from the Anc 
Arm. (as pum according to, u*n.ufbg without) they should 
rather be called Postpositions, since they uniformly 
follow the nouns or pronouns which they govern. 

^utdutp on account of, requires the Dative, as pbty 
<$uMiTiup for my sake, or on account of mc. 

D'omf^ near, and Jf^^b. until, the Dat. 

^bm with, the Gen. or Dat. bmL or bmLk after, 
behind, the Gen. or Abl. 

Xfuipp, after (in time) the Abl. So also ^bn-m. far from, 
quMtn or 'ft quim besides, iftuqmni.il without the knowledge 
of, (clam). 

Most others take the Genitive ; as mn.$L before, mbq^ 
instead of, mn.m'Lg ivithout, tt^d opposite, mml^ under-, 
t[piy upon, q-^tT over against, Jk^ in, within, Ibnog by 
means of, tqku like,£m[_ near, pum according to. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

Copulative, L , m. and, ImL also, m^ too. 

Disjunctive, IputT , pk either, or, ^mJ-—L fymj' , pk— 
L pk j either— or. 

Conditional, pk »p , bpk if, »k (after verbs) i/, 
although. 

Concessive, pk b. , pk*qkw , pkufk™ b. although, n^_ 
Jfimfb not only. 

Adversative, puyg > ujji_ ? <^miqm , umlpuju , but, yetj 
tuj^b but also, mjunu mJb'bujj'b^L. nevertheless. 



m ETYMOLOGY, 

Diminutive, tg-nhk-, at least- 

Causal , /*£"«r «/» i^^^ib •> fa" 11 it ■> because, n^ that, 
because , npm[<$bwL whereas. 
Rational, nupbtfL therefore. 
Final, np that, npufku tjb in order that. 

INTERJECTIONS. 

Of calling, ni[ , «i , m/ , <$uS ! &o' (addressing 
a male), ^(addressing a female) ho ! halloo ! 

Of encouraging, ulq£ come on I go to I 

Of praise, fa *j ¥ ', «/ /ioio /me h 

Of pity, fa'ju , faj (frequently repeated thrice), w/jk, 
mtftunu alas ! wo / «A^ w>/ia£ a ^% ! fa^u or ^«{/^ ^J? 

Of grief, ui'lu , ^u/<£ , /iow sorry f am ! 
Of desire, tp'bk'i , bpiuhf,' , bptulf,' pk , £/l«0 f^ ? 
m up k ap J n L.p kp n£ oh that ! would that ! 



■/\«\/\<Vn<v~=— .» 



PART. III. 
SYNTAX. 



The following peculiarities of construction in Mod- 
ern Armenian deserve notice. 

1 ♦ Adjectives uniformly precede the Substantives 
which they qualify ; as tuJ£b pw% every thing- The only 
exception to this rule is presented by a very few 
phrases borrowed from the Ancient Armenian ; as 
^nq.^'h []nupp the Holy Spirit. 

2 . Numerals implying plurality are usually con- 
strued with Nouns in the singular ; as ippu Jiupij. four 
men,hitrp #»?/ three persons. When the Plural form is em- 
ployed, it is more emphatic, and sometimes implies 
that the persons or things spoken of are viewed sepa- 
rately and individually. Thus fobp opp means the space 
of three days ; fipbg ophpp may be used to signify the three 
several days, or the several periods of three days each. 

3. In like manner when no numeral is employed, but 
where other words, as a pronoun or a verb, imply 
plurality, the noun is usually put in the singular ; as 
Y#ti^ uijyiifi kqpiujp 4r£ all ye are brethren, pat^.uiunppl> 
JklfP a certain king (i. e. one of the kings ), Juj^^n^'h ilkfe a 
certain man. 

4 . A verb having a plural nominative is often put 
in the Singular ; as ui^pbpu iip^ngm-p my eyes keep shut- 



52 SYNTAX, 

ting, fifrp'ufi'b ^nqji^bbp^ t[uMiibgtht saliva ran from his mouth. 
The same is frequently the case when several nouns 
in the singular form the subject of the verb ; as f^/lm* 
ufiputu^ lfnt-p&j>u lfpguu.fi my head, stomach and breast ache- 

5 . The Past Participle of Active verbs, terminating 
in «*£, is construed with a Genitive of the noun or pro- 
noun designating the agent, and with another noun 
designating the object of a past action referred to ; as 
fuT fpTbtub uinu'bu the house which I built or have built, 
uShnbij liuipq-wgiu^ *ttc<P^VIL the books which they read or 
have read. 

6 . The same Participle of Passive or Neuter verbs 
is construed in a similar way, the noun then designa- 
ting time or place ; as <$n% kqu*& opu the day when I was 
there, J-tuJlugiygp'h t^uium-mb mbrjn the place where the watch 
was found. 

7 . A noun or pronoun in the Accusative, governed 
by an active verb, may be placed either before or after 
the verb, but more usually precedes it ; as qfru feu fob 
(or feufaik q[i")he loves me \ fop q-npb-p l^uimuipba (or Liu^ 
wuiphij fip u-np&p) he completed his work* 

8 . There is a class of active verbs compounded of 
a noun and a verb, which, though written separately, 
constitute only a kind of compound verb, and require 
an Accusative ; as uu/i>g fe"bk pp tf-np&p he neglects his work- 
^aiJuipq. phpiah unpifbqut^t have you learned your lesson by 
heartl 

9 . For the cases of Nouns and Pronouns required by 
Prepositions, see p. 49. The reason why they so fre- 
quently govern the Genitive appears to be that they 
are (as in Hebrew) radically Substantives. Thus JLp 
in may be regarded as a noun, the midst, and therefore 
as naturally requiring a Genitive ; as t*u>%p a%$ the 



MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. 58 

midst of the house, in the house- In like manner uin^Lp 
that which is before, wtvfci that which is under, fntja the 
side, hence what is at the side, near, &c. — This view ac- 
counts also for the fact that they sometimes appear 
in a plural form, as Jh^bfn , u,w$b V £ , j>m/b rr , signify- 
ing somewhere in, somewhere under, &c. Thus ubquibfib 
atutlfbpp'btijjt;' look around under the table. 

10. A simple Accusative is often used (by ellipsis 
of the Anc Arm. '^) where we employ in, at, to, or 
into ; as ftiT ^iu f (,u np bplffibpu k my Father who is in heaven, 
<l|o^u feliumfih they reside at Constantinople, utm.% bl^tuL he 
came into a house, ^[h-ijo, /fbppu*J' lam going to the village. 

11. An Ablative without a preposition sometimes 
signifies after ; as \>pb^ opkb after three days, i. q. fobp 

opl~b bingp . 



PART IV. 

MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS AND IDIOMATIC 

PHRASES. 

1 . Respecting the order of words in a sentence some 
remarks have already been made. See pp. 49, 51 & 52. 
It may be remarked in general that the Mod. Arm. in 
this respect agrees nearly with the Turkish, and va- 
ries widely from the European languages and from the 
Ancient Armenian. Usually, in complex sentences, the 
circumstances of place and time are first introduced ; 
then comes the subject, preceded by its adjective if it 
have one ; then the object of action ; then frequently 
the circumstances of manner or instrument (although 
these admit of considerable latitude in their colloca- 
tion) and last of all the verb > thus \\juop ^intj^^u if™. 



64 MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. 

nnn1thnnL.1i U%hnu1t u%0* fin a a <^na_fi fipmpni. «£«/ <?niuaui%1t h/e 

fifiuftupufhfili -.To day three persons were firing pistols at each 
other in one of the streets of this city. |J/^"« [hn.p h "/»"{/£//' 

n £iiii nan <£utJutp S^^pnOp || nifu^ufilt uttuuini-hputo- tun, mm A 

pmit^bhpp u,uni>j> hit : These are the commandments which 
the Lord commanded Moses for the children of Israel in 
Mount Sinai. 

2 . The Copulative and is often omitted ; as \\plpfyh_ 
Sk\g* Ftykp fil'bfi Loose them and bring them to me. Matt. 
21 i 2. 

3 . Adjectives are formed from Prepositions by the 
addition of ft ; as ^»/ upon, if pay/* which is upon^ 1,h v u 
within, "hhpufi that which is within, internal. 

4 . Proper names when transferred from Greek to 
Armenian change 6 into p ; as "A'Gpafyx, \\ppuj^ai\r ; y 
into if , as FaXiXata, l \*u*ifnhutj ; 8 into n. , as 'IouSas, (>«'- 
^«i ; into /J , as 'PotO, ^n- nL p ; i initial when followed 
by a vowel into j , as 'I^goS?, ()fium.u ; x into £ , as 'Ica&x^ 
l^«u/^u/^; X frequently into n , as 2oXo(awv, |)n ? /7«/P»t# ; 7r 
into uf and t into u, , as Ih'Tpoq, <i|£«y,« u ; <p into ^ , as 
O&iictcqc, tyfijtiufUfnu ; and ^ into ^ , as Xpiexos, ifKpfwwnu. 
It is worthy of remark that these letters without ex- 
ception occupy corresponding places in the respective 
alphabets. Besides, p is sometimes, especially in the 
East, pronounced as 6, q. as g hard, n. as d. This pro- 
nunciation is now esteemed vulgar. Still its existence, 
together with the usage pointed out above, seems 
to indicate that a considerable change has taken place 
in the pronunciation of the Armenian letters, 

5 . The spoken Armenian has, in common with the 
Turkish, the singular usage of repeating nouns and 
adjectives (and occasionally other parts of speech) 
substituting in the repetition a if for the first letter of 
the word if it begin with a consonant, and prefixing a 



MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. 55 

tf if it begin with a vowel, for the purpose of gene- 
mlizing the idea contained in the word so repeated ; 
thus l \"f>i'^ "'free ilii"— *b $&■*"»!! i I sought for books or any 
thing of the kind, hut found none ; \Ma,ijn L p iTu/hm-p 
>3b*, a , pn^pp i>ji>n- hcju,* , Not a shop or any thing like 
one . remains, every thing has been burnt ; \\iLbmh- mmjUq. 
<$np Jh r £nt %!i° , Has the house which you have taken no 
well, cistern, fountain, &c ? ^-g pl*p % +?i> 4ap p\u*u * Bring 
bread, no matter if it be somewhat dry or crumbled. 
Sometimes an n,. appears between the two forms ; as 
& nL.ru nu Jn.n zigzag, serpentine, «»«.»#» hl. ijb^w crafty, wily. 
When a word commences with J' the same result is 
sometimes produced by changing a vowel ; as \i*wq_ 
unuij^ zpiiuiij, Not a hair nor any thing like one was left, 
\)*u/b[, Jnihp (vulg. Jui%ut t i iTm-inny) fiuSbUfi, Little trifling 
matters. 

6 . Sometimes p takes the place of L in colloquial lan- 
guage ; QbJ l{pT>wp pb(tbft, I cannot bring. Somewhat 
resembling this are such expressions also as ^pg">j 
fibfibn kf* , tii'S^ 1 '^ pbftbfi hfrg , which have perhaps 
originated in combining the two ideas could not bring 
and would have brought, q. d. ^b^by k\> (in the sense 

Of ufftwf, pb v ht>) pcojtf ^/' c 7«7 . 

7. Though the Armenian language, etymologically 
considered, appears to stand by itself, still its voca- 
bulary exhibits some resemblances to other lan- 
guages, both Asiatic and European, which are de- 
serving of notice. The following may serve as spe- 
cimens. 

HEBREW AND COGNATE DIALECTS. 

<|%f» 7 .<«^?, Heb kodkod, crown, summit. 
}\n~c, Heb zevakh, sacrifice. 



56 ETYMOLOGICAL RESEMBLANCES. 

^w^i-i a reckoning, Heb. khashav, to reckon. 

<yW, Heb. tsum, fasting. 

v q^iu/{j, Heb. Iseror, a bundle. 

\Ywjtu, Heb. melees, tribute. 

f ^m.^uih, Heb. shushan, a lily, 

([i-cf, Heb. oz, strength. 

D/n-'b, a column, Heb. tsiun, a monument. 

/)«/«/i^ dry, land, Heb- tsamak, to be dry. 

^[Kui^utijtuj, Heb. fco/ien, Chald. (emph. st.) kahana, a 
priest. 

^[Ktupn^ Chald. karoz, a herald. 

^{KnLptfj Heb- Plur. kemarim, Syr. koomar, an ido- 
latrous priest. 

|*,7o»n, Pers. azad, free. 

Q£/3, Arab, 2e&, olive oil. 

"l,25«k, Pers. nishan, a sign. 

SpinniS, sad, Pers. derd, sadness. 

(| L /„£/7. Arab, afc/id, a covenant. 

GREEK AND LATIN. 

I^tr^ctr, ayxuiv, a corner. 
I'lfui^, a<7-d)p, a star. 
■°iffi/*-» ^Y°c> a yoke, a pair. 
J jZ/", lux, light. 
l]^ir, yyvrj, a woman, a wife. 
l)*«^//»5 pfaop? mater, mother. 
Qnp^npb^ , hortor, to exhort. 
f (,u#i_, v a t> ? , wans, a ship. 
<i}i#ui£, 7tivaxiov, a plate . 
( i)na.^f , wopvirj, a harlot. 
|J&l»T semen, seed. 
X«#ir, &i£copi, do, to give. 
P»iy&, foTrf|, an instant. 



SALUTATIONS. 5? 

ENGLISH (AND COGNATE iTODERN DIALECTS.) 
t \\utn.'btMi^ , to turn* Dl 1 "-) meat- 

*\*nL.n,door. C ^ /' m -> shred. 

]uhja l , to lap. n p , n^ , «^o ? 

(|u/n^, carriage, car. fl*"^? /oo/. 

l]"^, COW?- «|>#»f.tr£_, bunch- 

The introduction of such words as tyb^Ltf IxxXnjffta, 

IfuShnh X0(VO)V ? ^bptulnu 60VO?, ^bpbwfilfnu alpSTlXO? , &C. 

after the introduction of Christianity, is easy to be ac- 
counted for, and implies nothing whatever in regard 
to the original structure and relations of the language. 



SALUTATIONS. 

On meeting in the morning, \\u*p[, ^ju , Good morning ! 
the answer to which is \\ U u«iL.&-y piupffu , The blessing of 
God ! 

In the middle of the day \\mpL , or \\uipL lb^ , 
or [\$upnt[ is sometimes employed when in English we 
should still say Good morning ! The answer is the same 
as above. 

On meeting in the evening l^wpfi pp^ndb Good 
evening ! Reply as above . 

At parting, the person who leaves says VPW^ ?**- 
pnt[^ or lylrgfy fziupmf , the reply to which is \?ppw[p 
pwprtil , both answering to our Good bye, or Farewell. 

On separating in the evening *hAzV P m pf •> or (* >a/ rA 
vhfyy Good night. Answer *f\£^_ UU U F^l'h which 
extends the idea of the salutation to the morning 
light- 



58 SALUTATIONS. 

Returning after an absence one is greeted with 
i^uiftf, (or (nu^mf ) bfap (or blfiug) , Welcome ! to which 
he replies [\<up n>[ wbuiu\p, which may be rendered, 
I am happy to see you- If the newcomer has entered the 
room in the absence of the person whom he comes to 
visit, the latter on coming in makes use of the same 
salutation only substituting the Perfect tense for the 

Aorist, thus {^^cr ty^f bu - or E Ltu ob bu ^kh 1 ' 

Give my compliments to .... is expressed by z>»w 
f.tu ( ,L ^1^ :"'..■•.. The ^person who is to convey 
them assumes the responsibility by saying c | »/»/>_ ~ 
l»,nuu ijpuMj, and acquits himself of it when he meets 
the person to whom the greetings are sent, by saying^ 
. . . Mrqji £u*u, put ( ,L folk (or <"-^t>,) to which the other 
replies ^ jMnp^iu^m^ b,l\ Thank you, or ]up/[<"i pbpaqa 
n iL b^u*/ (or fluty)-, as we say, 1 am much obliged both to 
you and to him. 

At the beginning of the new year (" _%np^un.np hap 
mmpff, A happy new year. Also [\uuim-iu6- ^tum mmpft, 

"tibnnt. <CtuuantJh[;, \ a 'fl;*h uiuiph piunnil ^uiuhhp , Or (more 

learnedly) \\-fki* utwpf, ptupbun. f,,tuquuqnL.pbiuJp , which 
phrases are also used in saluting a person on his 
anniversary festival, i.e. the day of the Saint whose 
name he bears. 

At Christmas (January 6) in like manner, Cj"7'- 
^tut-np bunu'bq. , or, in some places, +{\pfiuutnu d-i>i««_ L 
ju fJ uibbgiu^, to which one may answer Op^btu^ h 

tont-ltq. L .jtuftnbnt-plic.'b'b + [K-p/,uuinu[i, alllldillg tO the 

fact that the festival of the Manifestation (i. e. E- 
f}iphany) and Christmas are both celebrated on the 
same day. 

At Easter and for forty days after ^{Kpfiuumu jwpbaiu 
'/' Jhivbiny Christ is risen J r rorn the dead . Answer, ( )j/§» /#•«#£_ 



IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 59 

£ jiufim pfiuljli ^[Kftfiumnufty Blessed be the resurrection of 
Christ. 

Beside the above, which are for set times there is 
a great variety of occasional salutations, sich as \\>ei 
Uju , Light to your eyes ! addressed to one whose son or 
daughter has just been married, to parents on the 
birth of a child, or to those who have just welcomed a 
near relative or dear friend from abroad, or even 
received a letter from such a friend. The person to 
whom this salutation is addressed replies ]n L untf IfL^ 
lnuu, May you enjoy the light ! To one who enters a new 
dwelling the salutation is [\ajpnt/ uumfiu ; to one who 
puts on a new garment, \\uipat[_ <^[,u g nL.%bu ; to one who 
is commencing an enterprise, \\uu,m.a*& juu^nqni.p[ t ^ 
uiumj ; to one who is convalescing after an illness , |*>~ 
gtuunp piiuj) '; to one who has lost a friend x \\b^t °rh' or 
'J^/il/j,^ nqi^ tthuff . The phrase {)pbpq- ^u'm mpuj is 
often used in the same sense with f Jmp^mlfuj, bJ , 
Thank you. So also is \\ujpf,u, especially when address- 
ed to a child or an inferior. 



MISCELLAiNEOUS IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 



(y*iu[i)nt. utivtua- u.ftppu : 
|*/» MibiuLitta- tnnt-up : 


The book which I bought. 
The house in which he 




lives. 


X^'JUJO' utuiblin : 


The time when it was 
done. 


\^ut1tnt iua- tnhrtQ : 


The place where it was 
found. 


1 m niu& ifihnq fifirt i 


Put it in the place from 

which you took it. 
This is what I wished. 



60 IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 

\\U3^tt ^ ppk' : | Do as much as you can. 

I* [nub-fi tq-fttnlrp i He does not know what 

he is about 
^n% ^utubtrfni-q. <y£</ 'btuJlub Write immediately on 

tffV : your arrival there. 

^^lutTuMgnfgu ainuif bbp^ My watch goes too fast. 

\*lipb3L ^fi^ Jp bin fefo'v/ •■ Sometimes it loses a little. 
Y\aj/hu,h k » It has stopped. 

| uipk' n H tbuh , (#/««LnL^ Wind it up then. 

X^o^lfib^u uimp ib^^L Take my boots and get 

mm-p : them mended. 

C ^-p-Pe t>i* Lni - ">i"f""T He comes twice a week. 

ti nt -t a U : 
\}pl(nt. opp uihtf-uiiT Jp : Once in two days. 

^hiTuM lim-tj-iuj : He will be here presently. 

^[hPum tfbiug : He has just gone* 

^[,uaMltij.p fiijwn'p k • How is the sick man ? 

Y^mnp kp l>k s uiitJiili k-. He is the same as he was. 

\+pkl[ni-uib ojku u>ikl{ tk •• He is not so well as he 

was yesterday. 
^fiJlu tun-utinuphk* *mtu^tu He is now better than he 

utqhb k • was. 

H7' F^Mp ilL bu uf' s What Doctor attends him ? 

yf«-fcf ufku XbpJwL hi It is white as as snow. 

\y^p.opJku Jb& hf: I am older than my bro- 

ther. 
\ykbH Jkkhk ?"V" £"^£ s Take them out one by 

one. 

* Turkish words. See Preface. 



IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 



61 



\ynulriiLnL. <£tutn : 

]*pbg ppkfi <^uiut : 

^utppuputbiuli *ihuupUJ : 

^ tumti^ja b np pbn uibuuto- 

sniJhbd^ : 
\\ppbpbp fp>p y pajj g ^bnu,i- : 

\^uiq Jhujij np <u*pu uihuih 

i*itke : 

x \Kh*- ubujq np ui*p^ Jp "fp~ 
utp pubp q[ju : 

\]nptnn ifp (OV Jp) *bbnu/nrtu^ 

ubp : 
1 uthbiuj dun-p uint-UiL- : 
\\u&b &bn_p sunup : 
Qbnp ppuiu puh-p : 
{ *^> pnutt- utbnp : 
\lttr[£p a-[ni-pjp iflfUJi. : 
l]^ini-pjp ibnfj tf.ivpji.'b tub" - 
*\*pji-[upj>ujppu blfuiL. u£ : 
j" unfit- ixhtuunp nt-ptbujiu tnbp 

Jtupif. ifpb h '■ 
l\uiup utbr^ <Jt (Or i_) nJl,bp 

uihpI^UJj : 
Yfpbuuiiupv'nL.p-pL.'b l^pbh *"- 

"Lap : 
\\npinu but I^nt.q.ujj : 
\)nnuTU buJivub '■ 



Two at a time. 

Three at a time. 

A hundred paras apiece; 

It is a long time since 1 

have seen you. 
I would have brought it, 

but did not succeed. 
But for my help he would 

have been drowned. 
I came within a hair's 

breadth of having my 

eye put out. 
He came very near caus- 
ing me the loss of an 

eye. 
Do not trouble me. 

That was sufficient. 
I cannot afford it. 
He beckoned to me- 
He winked at him. 
He came to his senses. 

When he got into trouble. 

He has a noble disposi- 
tion. 

He regards that as of no 
account. 

He makes court to him. 

I am sick at my stomach. 

I cannot eat it (on account 
of the sweetness or oi- 
liness of the food). , 



02 



IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 



Wftnutu bpt/tupfi : 
^ utui uirLhbipp nt^bfij' : 
^ HLUinJ /juJiLbnt-ft : 
]?pbup £«//« k • 

(()»£ "/» foglfrtyT ufipgni.'bbu 
%£ Xbtvph ifpuMj bpptvbb'h 

f bt L : 

|) up bp np uiuuihl^ pfL^l' : 
*>\*jJunL. i[pi*>J fypp n -' u bf' tubfc*. 

flxiubfipp fyuj[vbp k '• 

j) * nutnbm a.fim^ x ni umum<Cu^ 

10. ' 
\^ m u%'b rtubbauib-p iTiuqji tfptuj 

\\*fa"ipu hbutu : 

J" uutb^hbnu up won. uJui<Cb : 

J^jlb'bnub u%ju%l^ <£uiui untuu : 

K ^\ni/u Jlnuuu i 

*\\i(uniJb f-uJi : 

*l\jnufu uihuih s<^uthb'h uihh^ 

Ifiuj : 
^ nub^n buipbauiu : 
*^\nubu ui}f>b" l^pijiuqk • 
^iinuhih 'A t [ u, l t if-'bwq t 

*\\tiwbu Jok ntnotih mu/Up 
<;,uufrp fyuj : 



I am faint. 

I have much due me. 
He is easily touched. 
He has a sullen look. 
He is cross — he frowns. 

If you try to please them 
they will do well by 
you. 

Oh that it might be so ! 

I paid him much honor. 

He is out of humor. 
He looks awry at me. 
He knows neither how to 

spend nor how to keep. 
His all is at stake . 

Address the letter. 

It occurred, to^me. 

Remind him of it. 

Remember what]I say. 

Give one to each of them. 

He entered my service. 

To happen to any-one. 

They will not accomplish 
it. 

He was out of breath. 

I am very drowsy. 

It went down head fore- 
most. 

He walks -as ['softly as if 
he were treading] upon 
eggs. 



| Lnpu LpufUiutn.^pl^np : 




Yjha» L Jp filfV "/' 


tTl" 


nhu LnutnntnbniuL. : 




|| putt*. tLinL [utf. iftnfuh 




OA^ uji lubautL. i 




|J*£'/& ausplibinUb Jbn-gncg : 


]»^/p bp a.jjuni.'b ftpuiL. 


(* 


bnc'b £<^LunnnL.qutO-) : 




|* tu ifinop uttvhni-wa- : 




|uou£> puigplt^ : 





IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 63 

\\ tufa null uftpmft tfippiui. : He was overcome with 

fear. 

It alarms me excessively. 

I fell down and hurt my- 
self all over. 

Change your clothes. 

He outran the horse. 

He killed him at one blow. 

He did it of his own ac- 
cord (without consulting 
any one.) 

Understood in this sense. 

We commenced conversa- 
tion. 

]iiouo r Jki Jutljw^ : To interrupt conversation. 

W^Plunp (or /P'h i _*fuu l t»fi) How long will it take ? 

]u*g Jp tfrgnug i He broke out crying. 

]noupf,tt i[pufj fefyb'busj : He stands to his word. 

\\u r l(uy p.ut'bp dp fji q.uip t This is good for nothing. 

W^pk' uibgaup : Cast your eye over it. 

Y m u U j'bI i fpp^ lbn.j?u ui%gu,& Such a book I had never 
^nihkp ■ seen. 

\\uinhjai. l(nt.q.ui) , puyg ayu^ It IS gOOd tO eat, but will 

^h^u fbt^p : not do to keep . 

{<}wppp£blfpp XbptTailip fa His eye-lashes incline to 

qutp'ub'b : white. 

Y^np Jnppp ^lupjftpp feitu^ Its skin is reddish. 

I*' 

*(" jufum pputi. : He did it in jest. 

\?pl{nc. *pjuip ppk' *upT£pJp : Double the string. 

$m-%p bplfm. *\uuip k i The house is two stories 

high. 
|i,ou.£/JuMy£ mm-plt : They have given a token. 



64 IDIOMATIC PHRASES, 

^fip^fb ^piu'u fttulb dp ufbi Put a cover on the book* 

gn'up : 

V^ktd ?"*" -'"kbd <> nV t^t. Wnv m ove it a bout from 
ufjruift pjpuj : place to place ? 

([^i k «»«* r/up k ft* •■ What comparison is there 

between this and that ? 

Quit/, XntXp ^y^t. i Nothing has transpired 

respecting it. 

\ypuipji fiuitj unity k • He is a bright boy. 

[yfiuipp if-ng utquy Jj,% k : He is a dull boy. 

^Kfpp uib^bg : He was offended. 

*[Kfp tj'zpt'i' • He will not condescend to 

such a trifle. 

% \Kf*pp Ipufubp k : He is drooping . 

y^u/b^ ^jiufulrp : He does not give ear. 

^[n-wliif. k uqbp: He is sick (i. e. it is re- 

ported or it is under- 
stood that he is sick.) 

lfi*uiy.uit-npp fpuiJuA ppbp k It is understood that the 
irqbp ap uuguiVbnt.fi : king has given orders 

for his execution. 

^\au,ftl ll bn.'bbpp tub k uuthn^ He boasts as if he could 
h-bp : create a world. 

] banuV ^ft^ dp l(Ujp^p 3 uiL. ; His talk has moderated a 

little . 

*[\uipp utbqn. n-itutt. : He has hit the nail on the 

head. 

\}u»pp {{uiplfumLjip uf">1(« j u He is always tinkering • 

\y+m[_ IgutpbgutL. : It was flooded, overflowed. 

J} jm-P Igutpbg.uj tfbtugf : I stood still in amazement. 

\] p-u^" fi"- *% b l""- - * was relieved of a moun* 

tain's weight. 

yibfau stfbuig : | , haye n() resource left . 

I r ^ pub/Jtjf £nihfiJ ; ) 



IDIOMATIC PHBASES. 06 

*(<),o^ llswhg {[ybiu'h/fui^ He^has become [bankrupt' 

3""-) : 
\\bpuMhu i[puy i&ppujf, : ) I cannot bear to speak 
| bqnt.u tfpiujzPrpujp : \ (on so painful a subject.) 

Qknff, bp^u/b h : He is thievish. 

\f%}_ pbhJ x Unp„ [[iuptf k- What can I do ? I have 

,not the means. 
Qbn.au ££wuuii- i I did not succeed. 

Wuut'b^Jujpij.ni.'bpjblp uim-ffp: Would you notice such a 

ip an ? 
"feu j>nu pik^i n-iau[un. fa I'll bring" you to your sen- 

pbpbtT : SeS. 

[)uiuj^p [ub'Lp , uiiypu/t. m pp Crazy after money, or 

pjb'bp : property. 

[\JhbguMh-£ ^aiXbgmh^p^ &ui^ He has been obliged^ to 

p,b g : selHevery thing. 

Jfui^ i/,uj[vgnt.g : He has wasted his capital. 

WimujH uiilpLniL p^'L^uiku How can one go in such a 

bppuf^ fym.^ • rain ? 

\* p i}_pub L lini-uk wui fuou^ What is the meaning^of 

£P : that word ? 

^xpjLpju [>Ju {k : I am crazy with a head- 

ache. 
\ykfe>ti £pnhbpl(np : My back is almost broken 

(with 'aching from a 
cold.) 
\yuiqbpu i/ini.^ ifini-^ btjtuu : My hair stood on end. 
Sfuufyuji-pib jbani.'b ^tyuttihtup : He does not begin to 

talk. (Spoken of an in- 
fant) 
\Yuimbpu l i piftww'uut , u : My^fingers are^numb. 

Qbn^u i/,ppuji. y JfatL. <$nu It broke my" hand off [to 
pbpbfu ■. bringl it — I ] brought it 

with great difficulty. 



66 IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 

'1**^1 [,1,^_ bu^hk* bu oj L ai% I have equal claims with 
k*r : you. 

V'Z* hll h ^ "V zg ,tb ' r ' F*?J3 He beckons to me not to 
n p £ utfftulj^ li^iufuk - speak, but who cares ? 

XYutprt- ltuy x Jiapq. t»i /fuy : There are more sorts of 

men than one. 

^ntf-ftij <^u/hy g -. He wearied him out. 

K \^ini.[uu lifunu/bkpl[np , £« He teazed me so much 
tu^ mm ft : that I gave it to him. 

$<«£{» ifptu'b Jkl{ k •■ The outside and the inside 

are the same. (Spoken 
of cloth.) 

$«/£'/, „u i[pmj fi(>aML. Jhqf> : He has put us all in confu- 
sion. 

$nu'bbp'bi,q_ l i[ ,nLlxcftM, < j>: Have you moved to your 

house ? 

€ U br L °ptt -P^lt ^""^"na Who rendered you aid 
rPt[ k[* •■ when you were in want ? 

^pibpp ^Lpfe [uuiivblru t Don't dwell on former 

troubles. 

\\ta iubjni-u ufotnu b[uit. : I was overcome on hear- 
ing it. 

Wb'rg k pl&p : I am to be pitied. 

ly^ip £b°*r bu : Am I not to be pitied ? 

]uoup U r uiJhp . . » Pardon the expression . . . 

\\u, //**£_ feubs tyJlu fub^u What do you say ? I shall 
1 i £ppn. g niXbJr : lose my senses. 

QuMjh^. fapk' -. Be quiet. 

W^H'V ZLrLpp ptuj Jiuprj. He is a liberal man. 

\]p t >i»P JbS- Jatprj. k • He is proud man. 

b"^^ if-ib'nt.'b r <n iypinp He will be very sorry for 

nu,p%k t it hereafter. 

YMff ub L q-i^k uipmp fa». Will you lead me also a- 

%bu : stray 9 



IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 07 

^\\i t jt <^u t Ju, L , mniXk *% ^ For your sake (or by your 
qu>j : means) I have lost a 

house. 
Sm-iju wbyu i/i[gnL. 3 : He has lost me all my 

property. 
<|*W uLbpbu tlhiMjgfip ■• Go. and shame on you ! 

V'tpb ^k""- '- He has been affected by an 

evil eye — is bewitched. 
\bn.p ifatj,^ fympbp k ■• The hill is full of people. 

tyuiuigiui. tlbuBg : He stood stock still. 

*[Kutp liinpkgtui. : He became like a stone. 

*[\u*pp l(p[uoufi ih x ufo tu L He was as still as a stone. 

IvoubnaiL : 



'1 *£!"-/"/! J?'" I'll : 


I have done with the good- 




for-nothing fellow. Let 




him do what he likes. 


l] bp'huimni-'lip Juip/f. *Y"£/ '■ 


He is weak in the upper 




story. 


^^inuftip bbptUL. \ 


He was the cause of his 




death. 


/^oit. nc gbgn uttulpuu *_£ : 


Always ailing. 


^jhnmn. I'fjh piLbt; : 


Be patient. 


|\u#7j4t</ a-nfi&bu bqtuj : 


I was hindered in my 




work. 


}*fiuu h "h* Lphuidhu'. 


Why do you slander me ? 


\l>bipp tj_int-fup JvaprL. iTpb £ : 


He is a prudent man. 


Xubjjpp Jfrinpp [itaitjui^ h ' 


His whole heart and soul 




is upon play. 


\llbfjpq. if-inLJiiq- cfnrplk' : 


Learn wisdom, or come 




to your senses. 


\ltbfj3ff- t^pujij. upju<^y 0)" pb'p : 


Do not suffer yourself to 




be overcome with grief. 


\\tbfj>u J}znpbp : 


I can not understand. 


*^ybn.bn uhtifqbp h : 


He has become a dotard. 



OS 



IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 



fjn.iut. : 

\ bun^fi'li utivt : 

1 buniJl/ nul^np £nuhfi : 

| bqm.'h bpfyui'b k • 

J bant- flajifib^ : 

W'l'h A H b v h : 

\\'h\ bnuiL. bqaJL. i 
\\n.fi uini.fi uihnp : 

Wft'pum &iul(bg 1>k X pliuinp 
<fuoufiiT : 



[]^ajq^h ff-u*[ 



AiMii : 



'|«uf/z! b[tpuu[a ^k br L mu - 

(* putt- *jwuii- Jfiinpu uftun.^b^ 

8 nt -3 '■ 

]\1i^nt Ifn-fiu Ifp^ujlibu: 



When I saw it I was over- 
come (with grief , fear, 
or astonishment). 

I have called you a great 
many times. 

Take care, your are over- 
heard. 

It is of no use to be too 
nice. People will not 
notice the difference. 

Were you dying, that you 
were in such a hurry ? 

To talk at random. 

He talks without restraint. 

He talks much. 

To talk fluently. 

You have grown proud. 

I humbled his pride. 

Forget the past. 

I gave it to him. (Spoken 
of rebukes or threats.) 

He affronted me so, how 
could I help speaking? 

We must not stop too long 
for unessential things. 

He has begun to recover, 
after having been at the 
point of death. 

He came and went imme- 
diately. 

By various means he per- 
suaded me. 

Why do you become the 
occasion of strife ? 



IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 69 

fc/i bu/, bh, L m bu bqbp : You have dishonored your 

family. 

l\uifZpkli Jf pn.fr, : Do not venture too far, & 

do not boastingly prom- 
ise more than you can 
perform 

fr/i&«/f ppnubgnug : He is out of humor. 

fc^n' up bphu phbijt : Come, let us look into the 

matter with the parties 
concerned. 

[\bpu/h b^bp k : He is of proper age. 

Qbn^p pbpu/bp £$u,umb fe They marry (their chil- 
liuipij.b'u .- dren) before they are 

fit to provide for them- 
selves. 

\ubl£u fybpPtvp np a.k£"-~ I tried with all my might 
PpL.li ^a.unpi[p . to prevent him from 

learning wickedness. 

**^tt- J t' ^pg"L.ltbp : I cannot tell (how badly 

matters are going). 

\\i*np [ubgp Ifbppuy fau^ He is unstable . 

*\*lJunL. gun. bu bqbp : You distract me with your 

teazing . 
\\%uA$a k—i Jiupq. k t He is a man of quick ap- 

prehension . 
Yjumbfy "<£££ ^"*i mbuuib- I never saw such an in- 

tbS .- satiable person. 

IJ/yiuyt iun.l,b L : To appease, to tranquilizer 

\^pbufi^nup ^nubf, : He has no shame, 

\?pbuf, 2"Lpp fynpubgncgbp He has lost all shame . 

\?pbu u,iu[_ , bpbu <^u/bb L : To encourage another to 

be free with you. 
10 



70 ABBREVIATIONS. 

\*pku bfip k t He has become too bold 

and familiar. 

\*pbup XbpJiuti i (Ironically) In disgrace. 

\\uiitfi Jp mbr^ ^ubp <vu[.l(uy : He does not value this . 

JiivJji gu/blP k '• What o'clock is it ? 

[\L.puk. It is eight 

^iuJji nupibf/b bl^iut. i He came at eight o'clock. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



r> 


or 


ui& 


for 


' I^uimrcujcr 


God 


V.j 


or 


Hi 


» > 


| a «uwx_o-i»y 


of God 


yjt 


or 


" it L. 


* > 


I uinttuQ-nif 


with God's help 


■:*> 






>> 


(\fiunuu 


Jesus 


net 


or 


OF 


» » 


f\fiuni-ub 


of Jesus 


'PCS 






») 


*-\\nfiuuinu 


Christ 


M'-^f 


or 


*|\f 


»> 


K ^\pbumnuh 


of Christ 


S> 






a 


Sip 


Lord 


"SiiT 






" 


lutflrhuyh Or i 


unfit all 


PF 


or 


I 


» 


/fy^ ) 




pb 


or 


> > 


pba/b > terminations 


PF 


or 


Z 1 


" 


pbiuifp ) 




w 


or 


1 


> > 


Zra/i/* 


or 


niu 






" 


nnuj^u 


as 


uiTJ 


or 


H 


>> 


u[l;u 


like 


Jfi 






>> 


unt-pp. 


holy 


4pj 


or 


4? 


»» 


jp-u 


upon 


$ 


or 


* 


> i 


jiuib 


than 


IF 






» > 


t*Jupl/gb 


namely 


HP 






> > 


qnp opfi'liuilf 


for example 


£1 






>> 


pbq. 


with, by, &c 








> > 


puut 
btujjh 


according to 
and so forth 



APPENDIX. 

DECLENSION OF ANCIENT ARMENIAN NOUNS. 

Besides the irregularities mentioned on pp. 13 — 17, 
forms of nouns not unfrequently appear in the modern 
language derived from the ancient declensions. As no 
precise limit can be assigned to the introduction of 
such forms, it has been thought worth while to append 
here a synoptical table of the declensions of ancient 
nouns, premising a few brief and general rules for the 
formation of the cases 

The declensions are generally reckoned ten. Dif- 
ferent grammarians however group them differently, 
and the tenth is little else than a collection of hetero- 
clites. 

In the table the prefixed and suffixed formative let- 
ters, except in the tenth declension, are distinguished 
from the root by being printed in italics. 

RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF THE CASES. 

1. IN THE SINGULAR. 
The Genitive has various endings which must be 
learned from the Lexicon. The most common are [i 
and y — But polysyllabic nouns in f> make the Genitive 
in L.nj 
Nouns in p'b make the Genitive in h.u'h 

"b preceded by a consonant in p* or <«& 

r " " in b r 

Proper nouns for the most part make the Gen. in «*/ . 

The Dative has two forms, one always the same 

with the Gen the other the same with the Norn. 

with >{, prefixed in case the noun begins with a conso- 



72 RULES FOR THE CASES ' 

nant, and j or (rarely) 'f> j in case it begins with a 
vowel. 

The Accusative is the Norn, with ^ prefixed. 

The Ablative always prefixes 'A or j like the second 
form of the Dative. Its termination is generally k 
added to the form of the Nom. 

But if the Gen. end in y or uy , the termination of 
the Abl. is the same* 

Nouns which have the Gen. ending in m. , u/b , bp , «£ 
or other irregular terminations add k to the Genitive 
to form the Ablative. 

Genitives in bo/it make the Ablative in bl»k ; Those 
in fib , uihk . 

The Narrative * is the same as the Ablative , sub- 
stituting a prefixed q_ for 'f . 

The Instrumental depends upon the form of the Gen« 

Genitives in f make the Instr. in fu- or ««. 

" nif^ 

truiL Or t-*"f_ 

" UMiTp 





V 


>» 

>» 


tub & fa, 


>» 


nu 


>» 





bpp 

op '» " «//ff* 

The Circumlative # is the same as the Instrumental 
with ^ prefixed. 

The Commorative* has generally two forms, viz. those 
of the Nom. and Gen. with 'f or j prefixed. 

The Vocative is the same as the Nom. with or with- 
out the Interj . n'£ . 

* The force of the Narrative case may generally be expressed in 
English by the preposition concerning, that of the Circumlative 
by around, and that of the Commorative (or Locative) by in* 



OF ANCIENT ARMENIAN NOUNS. 



73 



UliPfJL 



II. IN THE PLURAL. 

The Nominative Plural always ends in ^ and is formed 
generally by adding this letter to the Norn. Sing. 

But nouns which have the Gen. Sing, in fib , fy , «<- 
or «y add^ to that case to form the Nom. Plur. 

And nouns ending in «#//» make the Plur. in «//<^ 
The Genitive Plural always ends in g . 

If the Instr. Sing, have fiu the Gen. Plur- has fig 

tug 

"3 

n,g 
uthn 

h>3 
" uipg or 

UtrLUihg 

The Dative as in the Sing, has two forms : one like 
the Gen. and the other like the Ace- with >/, or y pre- 
fixed instead of q_ . 

The Accusative is formed from the Nom. by prefixing 
^ and changing the final ^ into « . 

The Ablative is formed from the Gen. by prefixing 

'A or J ■ 

The Narrative do. substituting ^_ for that prefix. 

The Instrumental is formed from the Instr. Sing, by 
adding.^ . But u*u becomes o^ (in ancient mss. u,^). 

The Circumlative from the Instr. by prefixing a . 

The Commorative from the Ace. by prefixing 'A or j 
instead of ^_ . 

The Vocative (as in the Sing) is like the Nom . 



74 ANCIENT ARMENIAN DECLENSIONS- 

DECLENSIONS OF ANCIENT ARMENIAN NOUNS, 

Dec 1 ♦ Dec . 2. Dec. 3. Dec 4 . 
Singular. 

Norn- f*«A "{Ku^^p *\*kut b^7%A 

Gen- \\wty ^Kutqu*^ <|^«mj hi^g^v 

Ace. *t_( ,(k « / ^ «^(\a#/ ? «^ «^*l*fe"» i)sk t "i! T gt 

Abl. 'J |\oi^v 'j.'p.oi^a/^v 'I *Mr«»"j 2bk br fig™3 

Nar. nJV«»l»V t^l^f^V «l*I^" m 'J «ti?4^ F #-"J 

instr. p*uAj*- "P^a/^/i/^m.. *}*Ax#m{^ bt^T^l***"- 

Circ. «jj *«#!!»£•- «^f\u/ /££!/£•♦♦>- «^*|*&tfmJ *t»b£^ ri zJ*#^"*** u ~ 

Plural . 

Gen, p*u/bt« ^f^iuauiDHij ^xbuj-y l^it biibij\-Hi*f 

Dat. \ V^h *P**p«g»~y c fr*«TO b#H%W 

Abl. 'Jf»«Afy l^fW^^r'i*!^"* jb^l^W 

Nar. ♦t^P*«"^|»2 ^_*|\a//^«pH.y tjJIJ^H^ *t_b£^ n z/'.9^"'* 4 !f 

Instr (^jtfij*-/ ^p^uf^cu^oft ( | »£-»••** b^TA^""* 

CirC- ♦j_P*<ii^Jn-/ *{_*P»«'7"ga»or* «^ *}»£«*»♦♦♦[/ xfcfykqlrg^o? 

Com. 'J P%tufc» 'J «p kU ,£W£ M '} *} Jr««« fck^l^Sh 



ANCIENT ARMENIAN DECLENSIONS. 75 

Dec. 5 a. Dec. 5 b. Dec 6 a. Dec. 6 b. 

Singular. 

Gen. ( ]>ui*/J»t- <|>n£f»*- ^jiJUiu '[fLqnL.p^.^'u 

( JxujJ"*- <]>fi£«i- ^fiJi»1* '[jlrnrtL.pl-Jl 

dVCG. •^J'fc""^ *L < 1 >0 ^/' *t ^f 1 ^ •^{fh-qai.ppi.'b 

Abl. «| dxui^v 'M^-V 1 V-/W.V VM^PW* 

Nar. ^J^oii/V Tjl>i£»^V «^A^i/^^V 4 tlli^£!"-Pc ,, V 

InStr- C J*««</^ «]>nj?t» ^PiTmSjL ' \ t hqni.p\-mS^. 

CirC •jjj^oii/ii- «{_<]>'»£»- *^ifiJ^*S^. *^y t bqni.p\.^^. 

r >t ( ]^^- ^«|»^«^ 'JAK^ 'J'l^^-PV-* 

Plural. 

Nom. J*«»i/V «l>n^H.-V &rfiJ*JU? € [,lrqni.p[, t .'L^ 

Gen. J^o/t/i^y <]>/rp*J^ Zi/iJXLf ' {^trqni.p^^iHf 

n J>u*^-y ^tagnJU^ ^f/iJ^Uy '{flrqnup^-U^ 

^ ai ' 'J J^oiiA '} ^..JIm. '^«fc-*» >)>'[,tr q nt_P[,Ll» 

ACC «* ( )-k«if£/i ifJl|>ff£»Ki-1*« ^J^^ii/w^Xh *^J( 9 bijnupfit.'bt» 

Abl. t <]*«**/»- J ^ <1>«£*- **? ^{,J^ *Y[ f bqn..py^ky 

Nar. iyJ>iml»fc-J «fj|)n£*JJ*y ^J^fit/lUly *£[ f trqni-py.J***j 

InStr. ( J*««/^ <]>/7^h^/^ ^fiifmS^ *l f trqnL.p^.H.S£f 

CirC <fjJ*ufiA<f.-it ^<]>n^«^// ^f^tHnS^ *^[ f lrqat.p^.m*S^ 

Com. 'J J *<"</- >£ <]>»£„ J.* '£4y^<ftJU 'YlflrqaLp^JUH 

VOC' *'3LjxiuJ} n'\JH>*£nJU? »'{£,fnrnJU? H{^[ f triini.p(,u'ht 



76 ANCIENT ARMENIAN DECLENSIONS. 

Dec. 7. Dec. 8. Dec 9. 







Singular. 




Nom. 


Q^wrvb 


l\«h> 


J'* n.unT 


Gen. 


^u/ap* 


IMVr 


IVyWmj 


Dat. 






J^Uil/mj 


Ace. 


♦fT^o/ztt/ 


x}l u ii' 


«f 1 n.iuJ* 


Abl. 


'fc ^*a/n.ml»tji 


j(KWV 


jW^asifc.] 


Nar. 


«• Q> tun. ml* £■ 


iJMWV 


iWt"" 1 ": 


Inst. 


Q^ai/xmJp. 


(I^VrP- 


\ % q-tud»**. 


Circ 


^^utnw/pL 


■dKt-rf 


*i\\rj.uiS**i- 


Com 






^Wq-UitT 


Voc 


h «| t |>u/n.tr 


-'UK/' 


#, LU?«" r 



Plural. 

Nom. c^umJV (I^Vf 

Gen <Y*tun.**u» H^Y^T? °** no ^Vp m *f 

Dat. ^""^j (I^Ws or " u 4Vr*»:r 

ACC. i^fifnptM «jjl«4l°r" 

Abl. 'J ^am^ j(l^Vr!T or 3 aufi. V my. 

Instr. <^a/n.m/p./ (H^rF* ° r "^Vr' 
Circ. « t ^a/n.^./p.^ ^j^WEr' or ^ufa*' 

Com. 'J^OMLp.* jU tf fW M 

VOC. n'^frmnfU* -UMVt' 



ANCIENT ARMENIAN DECLENSIONS, 77 

Dec. 10 a. Dec. 10 b. Dec. lo c. Dec 10 d. 

Singular. 

Norn. y.jr Z^/r lift W-i. 

Gen. \\n-T* Z,o(i i]ita^ ^^yt 

Dat. \ ^\ ^° 1 ' l *"*- <J>/r ^ 

Ace iA\jp x^-ur nJi^ \yrf"-i_ 

fibl. j|>W 'JAo^ >H|W£ 'i^qLL 

Nar. «jJV«*£ i**»°/»t ^Ijtio^ iSl*Lqt£ 

InStr. ['jHuJp. A «*/»/» IjuihanJfi €^f, L n/ji. 

\\1UJL- 

GirC. «t_l*/ l ""^p *t,^r a Y , / a •^l|a#fculi/p tfj^ifii-irfn- 

u \lutUL. 

Voc. -n^ *LAw -HlW* **$*-■* 

Plural. 

^ftutia {^.uiuutua. §*hi.npn 

Nar. JV"'^ i^Td xM w,1 " ur '3 X^hhlPs 

*» ^ tun uthg 

InStr. l^iofJisjl ^tatniip X^iuhtuJho ^*fii.nJtL.jj 

VyirC *t_| a/""*^*^ *tJ^ tu Pt i 'B H\\iUutUl!fi0 tfl^/ti-ijllt-J* 

Com. jWl'u 'I A"*/»" '£ \]uihuiju '£ tfrfiLqu 

VOC «'^J*f»J» «'4_^»"»/»£ *^l|u#fcM*r/£ "'i/h/"-^ 
I lr 




COMPARATIVE SPECIMEN 

Of Ancient Armenian, and of the Eastern and Western dialects 
of Modern Armenian. 
PSALM I. 
Ancient. Modern Western. Modern Eastern. 



1 y-\ptuubutf_ 4. "up 

nPtPL. 'P'^&b p'np^nup - 

SUpU UtJp.U*p£UlUtg * b 

iCutltuttuutp^Ji Jbqutunptug 
iiut n'f_ bfyutg , L. jut— 
p-nn-u tt-w'binfrg n f__ 
'ftutnuiu i 

2 V*JL. J°pfr» 8^"*- 

n.pU Uu fyuiJj} "linput f L. 
joptjUu Input ptnp^bugp 
"but 'p tnnuh. b. p tpZ^fi 1 ' 

3 \f"- bnpgp'uut npuubu 
J-«i* | np wubbui^ h. 
'ft tfhutgu $nt-pg t np 

tjututnun^ pup p cAtu— 
tfhu ututgb , b. mbpL. 
Imput tip' pj'uttpbugb . L. 
qutiflzhuijlr qnp [?"£_ «««- 

pwugk » j-"teik u ab 

iiJlu : 

4 WjL "y-Hb" ^ 

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utjltufb.u , tttjf_ npufku 
ojp"lf> t qnp ^utub. ^npf 
p ifbputj bpbuutg bpl^pp *■ 

5 lj utult utiunpbb it f 
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ruutuiuiituiuiu , b. n £_ t/£— 
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g + [\utuqfi tCtultut^ 
$k.p qKuiuutupttp^ii iup~. 
rf.utpng . u'luitiuufutp^jt 
jjllpuipiiniug tpipfigbtt : 



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fnpitutj j, b, p"uf_ putU np 
. pltk* ufjputp jut^nnjiup « 

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We * 

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6 \\ utult qf. Sbppbp 

itCu/hShuij utpruutpubpnult 

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utfiinp Ipipunup : 



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pjnpSpjtij.p'lt Jk$_ fp' 
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b-nutT i 

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puiit : 

5 (]/"" "ZutJutp utifput— 
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Q »\utut7Cutn.it np 

$kpu iCuiuut^Mut/b utp~ 
q-utpubpp ZCu/UmiUfutp- 

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itbpp XuAutuiutpfr l(p~ 
bnpib : 



INDEX. 

Abbreviation, marks of, 10. 
Abreviations, 78. 
Accent, 9. 
Adjectives, 17. 

" formed from prepositions, 54. 

" precede their substantives, 5 1 . 
Adverbs, 4 1 . 
Alphabet, 6. 
Article, 10. 
Auxiliary Verb, 27. 
Cases of Nouns, 11. 
Commutation of letters, 54. 
Comparative view of Regular Verbs, 37. 
Comparison of Adjectives, 17. 
Conjugation of the Regular Verb, 30. 
Conjunctions, 49. 

Declension of nouns, 12, of Anc. Arm. nouns, 7L 
Derivative Verbs, 43. 
Dialects of Armenian, 4, 78. 
Diminutive Adjectives, 18. 

Adverbs, 48. 
Elliptical use of the Accusative and Ablative, 53. 
Etymological resemblances to other languages*, 55 
Gender, 11. 
Idiomatic phrases, 59. 
Impersonal Verbs, 4 3. 
Interjections, 50. 
Irregular Nouns, 13. 
Verbs, 44.. 



SO TNDEX. 

Miscellaneous remarks 53. 
Negative Verbs-, -J I . 
Nouns, 11. 
Number, 11. 
Numerals, 18. 

Syntax of, 51. 
Order of words in a sentence, 53. 
Participle in «*^, use of, 5-2. 
Particles appended to Verbs, 16. 
Prepositions, 49, 52. 
Pronouns, U). 
Pronunciation, 7, 54. 
Punctuation, 9. 
Regular Verb, conjugated, 30. 
Salutations, 57. 
Suffix Pronouns, 23. 
Tenses, formation of, 45. 

' ' use of, 4 5 . 
Verbs, 25. 

Syntax of, 5 1, 52. 



Krratum. 

P. 27, I. 14 for yn^fym. read ij.np&trjnt[ 



;>-t--<s>c^u-*. 



■»iJU 



fl*~s*// 




//////< 



A BRIEF 




GRAMMAR 

OF THB 

MODERN ARMENIAN LANGUAGE 

AS SPOKEN 

IN CONSTANTINOPLE AND ASIA MINOR. 




SMYRNA 

PRINTED BY W* GRIFFITT, Ay 

1 8 4 7. U 




Y^- 



